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Deep Unsupervised Cardinality Estimation

Summary: Deep autoregressive models for unsupervised cardinality estimation, no independence assumptions. Monte Carlo integration over autoregressors enables range queries across dimensions, delivering single-digit tail error and up to 90x gains vs baselines. (summarized by gpt-5-nano on Feb 09 2026)

Paper ID
12133
Venue
VLDB
Year
2020
Pagerank
0.00017138049
Overall Rank
752 | 94.78%
DOI
10.14778/3368289.3368294

Incoming Non-self Citations Over Time

Authors

Incoming Citations (Sorted by Pagerank)

Showing 50 of 101 citing papers.

Rank Citing Paper Year Venue Pagerank
6,774 A Unified Transferable Model for ML-Enhanced DBMS 2022 CIDR 4.9253635e-05
6,860 Detect, Distill and Update: Learned DB Systems Facing Out of Distribution Data 2023 SIGMOD 4.9008421e-05
7,118 ASM: Harmonizing Autoregressive Model, Sampling, and Multi-dimensional Statistics Merging for Cardinality Estimation 2024 SIGMOD 4.8204951e-05
7,122 Debunking the Myth of Join Ordering: Toward Robust SQL Analytics 2025 SIGMOD 4.8199209e-05
7,220 Speeding Up End-to-end Query Execution via Learning-based Progressive Cardinality Estimation 2023 SIGMOD 4.7926382e-05
7,442 Selectivity Functions of Range Queries are Learnable* 2022 SIGMOD 4.7248554e-05
7,461 Scalable Multi-Query Execution using Reinforcement Learning 2021 SIGMOD 4.7193668e-05
7,473 Cardinality Estimation of Approximate Substring Queries using Deep Learning 2022 VLDB 4.7149077e-05
7,634 ReStore - Neural Data Completion for Relational Databases 2021 SIGMOD 4.6866388e-05
8,219 PerfGuard: Deploying ML-for-Systems without Performance Regressions, Almost! 2021 VLDB 4.551524e-05
8,383 Consistent and Flexible Selectivity Estimation for High-Dimensional Data 2021 SIGMOD 4.5261239e-05
8,522 Controllable Tabular Data Synthesis Using Diffusion Models 2024 SIGMOD 4.4893996e-05
8,648 HAP: An Efficient Hamming Space Index Based on Augmented Pigeonhole Principle 2022 SIGMOD 4.4718808e-05
8,834 ByteCard: Enhancing ByteDance’s Data Warehouse with Learned Cardinality Estimation 2024 SIGMOD 4.4351469e-05
8,952 One Seed, Two Birds: A Unified Learned Structure for Exact and Approximate Counting 2024 SIGMOD 4.4195459e-05
9,078 NeuroSketch: Fast and Approximate Evaluation of Range Aggregate Queries with Neural Networks 2023 SIGMOD 4.3959645e-05
9,116 Towards Observability for Production Machine Learning Pipelines 2022 VLDB 4.3886184e-05
9,191 POLAR: Adaptive and Non-invasive Join Order Selection via Plans of Least Resistance 2024 VLDB 4.3738237e-05
9,215 PACE: Poisoning Attacks on Learned Cardinality Estimation 2024 SIGMOD 4.3679174e-05
9,350 LIMAO: A Framework for Lifelong Modular Learned Query Optimization 2025 VLDB 4.3494621e-05
9,387 Small Selectivities Matter: Lifting the Burden of Empty Samples 2021 SIGMOD 4.341968e-05
9,394 CEDA: Learned Cardinality Estimation with Domain Adaptation 2023 VLDB 4.3401448e-05
9,581 Low Rank Learning for Offline Query Optimization 2025 SIGMOD 4.3186744e-05
9,628 Approximate Sketches 2024 SIGMOD 4.3102157e-05
9,662 Efficient Query Re-optimization with Judicious Subquery Selections 2023 SIGMOD 4.3056334e-05
9,690 Selectivity Estimation for Queries Containing Predicates over Set-Valued Attributes 2023 SIGMOD 4.2994116e-05
9,725 Cardinality Estimation of LIKE Predicate Queries using Deep Learning 2025 SIGMOD 4.290223e-05
9,727 SPACE: Cardinality Estimation for Path Queries Using Cardinality-Aware Sequence-based Learning 2025 SIGMOD 4.2901665e-05
9,824 Athena: An Effective Learning-based Framework for Query Optimizer Performance Improvement 2025 SIGMOD 4.2710095e-05
9,841 Machine Unlearning in Learned Databases: An Experimental Analysis 2024 SIGMOD 4.2685233e-05
9,848 Saving Money for Analytical Workloads in the Cloud 2024 VLDB 4.2680295e-05
9,877 PRICE: A Pretrained Model for Cross-Database Cardinality Estimation 2025 VLDB 4.2615675e-05
9,959 An Elephant Under The Microscope: Analyzing The Interaction Of Optimizer Components In PostgreSQL 2025 SIGMOD 4.2254157e-05
10,216 The Case For Language Model Approximated LIKE Predicate 2026 SIGMOD 4.1905499e-05
10,219 Practical Parameterized Query Optimization via Efficient Plan Reuse and List-wise Ranking 2026 SIGMOD 4.1905499e-05
10,282 Toward Drift-Aware Database Benchmarking 2026 VLDB 4.1905499e-05
10,396 Optimizing Block Skipping for High-Dimensional Data with Learned Adaptive Curve 2025 SIGMOD 4.1905499e-05
10,491 FAAQP: Fast and Accurate Approximate Query Processing based on Bitmap-augmented Sum-Product Network 2025 SIGMOD 4.1905499e-05
10,598 ACE: A Cardinality Estimator for Set-Valued Queries 2025 VLDB 4.1905499e-05
10,627 Data-Agnostic Cardinality Learning from Imperfect Workloads 2025 VLDB 4.1905499e-05
10,638 Conformal Prediction for Verifiable Learned Query Optimization 2025 VLDB 4.1905499e-05
10,647 Cardinality Estimation for Having-Clauses 2025 VLDB 4.1905499e-05
10,707 The Accuracy of Cardinality Estimators: Unraveling the Evaluation Result Conundrum 2025 VLDB 4.1905499e-05
10,837 Cardinality Estimation for Similarity Search on High-Dimensional Data Objects: The Impact of Reference Objects 2025 VLDB 4.1905499e-05
10,863 Graph Transformers for Query Plan Representation: Potentials and Challenges 2025 VLDB 4.1905499e-05
10,876 LASER: Buffer-Aware Learned Query Scheduling in Master-Standby Databases 2025 VLDB 4.1905499e-05
10,945 Sub-optimal Join Order Identification with L1-error 2024 SIGMOD 4.1905499e-05
11,192 Efficient and Effective Cardinality Estimation for Skyline Family 2023 SIGMOD 4.1905499e-05
11,196 A Step Toward Deep Online Aggregation 2023 SIGMOD 4.1905499e-05
11,214 SH2O: Efficient Data Access for Work-Sharing Databases 2023 SIGMOD 4.1905499e-05
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Outgoing Citations (Sorted by Pagerank)

Showing 21 of 21 cited papers.

Citations counted here include only citations to other VLDB/SIGMOD/CIDR/PODS papers in this database.

Rank Cited Paper Year Venue Pagerank
1 Access Path Selection in a Relational Database Management System 1979 SIGMOD 0.0040465394
18 On Random Sampling over Joins 1999 SIGMOD 0.00092569117
63 Improved Histograms for Selectivity Estimation of Range Predicates 1996 SIGMOD 0.00063595699
71 How Good Are Query Optimizers, Really? 2016 VLDB 0.00059446482
141 Selectivity Estimation Without the Attribute Value Independence Assumption 1997 VLDB 0.00041819767
181 LEO - DB2's LEarning Optimizer 2001 VLDB 0.00036970794
203 Learned Cardinalities: Estimating Correlated Joins with Deep Learning 2019 CIDR 0.00034868567
250 Adaptive Selectivity Estimation Using Query Feedback 1994 SIGMOD 0.00030640525
329 Neo: A Learned Query Optimizer 2019 VLDB 0.00027301488
373 Selectivity Estimation using Probabilistic Models 2001 SIGMOD 0.00025354685
512 STHoles: A Multidimensional Workload-Aware Histogram 2001 SIGMOD 0.00021385343
838 Independence is Good: Dependency-Based Histogram Synopses for High-Dimensional Data 2001 SIGMOD 0.00016024923
1,104 Cardinality Estimation Done Right: Index-Based Join Sampling 2017 CIDR 0.0001398479
1,233 Maximizing the Output Rate of Multi-Way Join Queries over Streaming Information Sources 2003 VLDB 0.0001312635
1,239 Selectivity Estimation for Range Predicates using Lightweight Models 2019 VLDB 0.00013091459
1,536 Lightweight Graphical Models for Selectivity Estimation Without Independence Assumptions 2011 VLDB 0.00011458359
1,727 QuickSel: Quick Selectivity Learning with Mixture Models 2020 SIGMOD 0.00010731889
2,080 Towards a Learning Optimizer for Shared Clouds 2019 VLDB 9.5954034e-05
2,167 Self-Tuning, GPU-Accelerated Kernel Density Models for Multidimensional Selectivity Estimation 2015 SIGMOD 9.3879598e-05
2,971 Estimating Join Selectivities using Bandwidth-Optimized Kernel Density Models 2017 VLDB 7.7935535e-05
7,573 Synopses for Query Optimization: A Space-Complexity Perspective 2004 PODS 4.7034681e-05
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