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Deep Unsupervised Cardinality Estimation

Summary: Deep autoregressive models for unsupervised cardinality estimation, no independence assumptions. Monte Carlo integration over autoregressors enables range queries across dimensions, delivering single-digit tail error and up to 90x gains vs baselines. (summarized by gpt-5-nano on Feb 09 2026)

Paper ID
12320
Venue
VLDB
Year
2020
Pagerank
0.00019092557
Overall Rank
401 | 97.26%
DOI
10.14778/3368289.3368294

Incoming Non-self Citations Over Time

Authors

BibTeX Citation

@article{yang_vldb20,
        title = {{Deep Unsupervised Cardinality Estimation}},
        author = {Yang, Zongheng and Liang, Eric and Kamsetty, Amog and Wu, Chenggang and Duan, Yan and Chen, Xi and Abbeel, Pieter and Hellerstein, Joseph M. and Krishnan, Sanjay and Stoica, Ion},
        journal = {PVLDB},
        series = {{VLDB} '20},
        volume = {13},
        number = {3},
        pages = {279--292},
        doi = {10.14778/3368289.3368294},
        url = {https://doi.org/10.14778/3368289.3368294},
        year = {2020}
}

Incoming Citations (Sorted by Pagerank)

Showing 50 of 103 citing papers.

Rank Citing Paper Year Venue Pagerank
6,132 Detect, Distill and Update: Learned DB Systems Facing Out of Distribution Data 2023 SIGMOD 5.9660278e-05
6,206 Combining Aggregation and Sampling (Nearly) Optimally for Approximate Query Processing 2021 SIGMOD 5.9443409e-05
6,357 A Unified Transferable Model for ML-Enhanced DBMS 2022 CIDR 5.9020843e-05
6,543 Speeding Up End-to-end Query Execution via Learning-based Progressive Cardinality Estimation 2023 SIGMOD 5.8461929e-05
6,555 Controllable Tabular Data Synthesis Using Diffusion Models 2024 SIGMOD 5.8415111e-05
6,704 ASM: Harmonizing Autoregressive Model, Sampling, and Multi-dimensional Statistics Merging for Cardinality Estimation 2024 SIGMOD 5.797374e-05
7,206 Selectivity Functions of Range Queries are Learnable* 2022 SIGMOD 5.6731116e-05
7,213 Scalable Multi-Query Execution using Reinforcement Learning 2021 SIGMOD 5.670422e-05
7,268 Cardinality Estimation of Approximate Substring Queries using Deep Learning 2022 VLDB 5.6597123e-05
7,556 ReStore - Neural Data Completion for Relational Databases 2021 SIGMOD 5.5997742e-05
8,040 PerfGuard: Deploying ML-for-Systems without Performance Regressions, Almost! 2021 VLDB 5.5018396e-05
8,124 Consistent and Flexible Selectivity Estimation for High-Dimensional Data 2021 SIGMOD 5.4829513e-05
8,494 POLAR: Adaptive and Non-invasive Join Order Selection via Plans of Least Resistance 2024 VLDB 5.4142129e-05
8,643 PACE: Poisoning Attacks on Learned Cardinality Estimation 2024 SIGMOD 5.3940849e-05
8,791 HAP: An Efficient Hamming Space Index Based on Augmented Pigeonhole Principle 2022 SIGMOD 5.3717005e-05
8,849 ByteCard: Enhancing ByteDance’s Data Warehouse with Learned Cardinality Estimation 2024 SIGMOD 5.3577504e-05
8,986 One Seed, Two Birds: A Unified Learned Structure for Exact and Approximate Counting 2024 SIGMOD 5.3387783e-05
9,101 NeuroSketch: Fast and Approximate Evaluation of Range Aggregate Queries with Neural Networks 2023 SIGMOD 5.324758e-05
9,192 Efficient and Effective Cardinality Estimation for Skyline Family 2023 SIGMOD 5.3058708e-05
9,245 Towards Observability for Production Machine Learning Pipelines 2022 VLDB 5.2992628e-05
9,392 A Step Toward Deep Online Aggregation 2023 SIGMOD 5.2755515e-05
9,428 LIMAO: A Framework for Lifelong Modular Learned Query Optimization 2025 VLDB 5.2709145e-05
9,455 Small Selectivities Matter: Lifting the Burden of Empty Samples 2021 SIGMOD 5.2653318e-05
9,491 CEDA: Learned Cardinality Estimation with Domain Adaptation 2023 VLDB 5.2626014e-05
9,587 Machine Unlearning in Learned Databases: An Experimental Analysis 2024 SIGMOD 5.2525104e-05
9,601 Low Rank Learning for Offline Query Optimization 2025 SIGMOD 5.2487799e-05
9,724 Approximate Sketches 2024 SIGMOD 5.2308295e-05
9,756 Efficient Query Re-optimization with Judicious Subquery Selections 2023 SIGMOD 5.2258278e-05
9,793 Selectivity Estimation for Queries Containing Predicates over Set-Valued Attributes 2023 SIGMOD 5.2193018e-05
9,844 Cardinality Estimation of LIKE Predicate Queries using Deep Learning 2025 SIGMOD 5.2094602e-05
9,867 SPACE: Cardinality Estimation for Path Queries Using Cardinality-Aware Sequence-based Learning 2025 SIGMOD 5.2043672e-05
9,971 Athena: An Effective Learning-based Framework for Query Optimizer Performance Improvement 2025 SIGMOD 5.1845938e-05
10,000 Saving Money for Analytical Workloads in the Cloud 2024 VLDB 5.1814573e-05
10,028 PRICE: A Pretrained Model for Cross-Database Cardinality Estimation 2025 VLDB 5.1745962e-05
10,108 An Elephant Under The Microscope: Analyzing The Interaction Of Optimizer Components In PostgreSQL 2025 SIGMOD 5.1347137e-05
10,151 Coresets for Robust Query Optimization 2026 PODS 5.093636e-05
10,206 Bridging the Gap: Cardinality Estimation for Semantic Queries on Unstructured Data 2026 SIGMOD 5.093636e-05
10,505 The Case For Language Model Approximated LIKE Predicate 2026 SIGMOD 5.093636e-05
10,508 Practical Parameterized Query Optimization via Efficient Plan Reuse and List-wise Ranking 2026 SIGMOD 5.093636e-05
10,569 Toward Drift-Aware Database Benchmarking 2026 VLDB 5.093636e-05
10,672 Optimizing Block Skipping for High-Dimensional Data with Learned Adaptive Curve 2025 SIGMOD 5.093636e-05
10,760 FAAQP: Fast and Accurate Approximate Query Processing based on Bitmap-augmented Sum-Product Network 2025 SIGMOD 5.093636e-05
10,851 ACE: A Cardinality Estimator for Set-Valued Queries 2025 VLDB 5.093636e-05
10,875 Data-Agnostic Cardinality Learning from Imperfect Workloads 2025 VLDB 5.093636e-05
10,884 Conformal Prediction for Verifiable Learned Query Optimization 2025 VLDB 5.093636e-05
10,891 Cardinality Estimation for Having-Clauses 2025 VLDB 5.093636e-05
10,945 The Accuracy of Cardinality Estimators: Unraveling the Evaluation Result Conundrum 2025 VLDB 5.093636e-05
11,059 Cardinality Estimation for Similarity Search on High-Dimensional Data Objects: The Impact of Reference Objects 2025 VLDB 5.093636e-05
11,083 Graph Transformers for Query Plan Representation: Potentials and Challenges 2025 VLDB 5.093636e-05
11,095 LASER: Buffer-Aware Learned Query Scheduling in Master-Standby Databases 2025 VLDB 5.093636e-05
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Outgoing Citations (Sorted by Pagerank)

Showing 21 of 21 cited papers.

Citations counted here include only citations to other VLDB/SIGMOD/CIDR/PODS papers in this database.

Rank Cited Paper Year Venue Pagerank
1 Access Path Selection in a Relational Database Management System 1979 SIGMOD 0.0024089429
18 How Good Are Query Optimizers, Really? 2016 VLDB 0.00059284255
35 Improved Histograms for Selectivity Estimation of Range Predicates 1996 SIGMOD 0.00048481081
54 On Random Sampling over Joins 1999 SIGMOD 0.00040810225
84 Learned Cardinalities: Estimating Correlated Joins with Deep Learning 2019 CIDR 0.00035838391
100 LEO - DB2's LEarning Optimizer 2001 VLDB 0.00034385207
101 Selectivity Estimation Without the Attribute Value Independence Assumption 1997 VLDB 0.00034376651
154 Neo: A Learned Query Optimizer 2019 VLDB 0.00028726181
222 Adaptive Selectivity Estimation Using Query Feedback 1994 SIGMOD 0.00024193708
280 Selectivity Estimation using Probabilistic Models 2001 SIGMOD 0.00022454217
365 STHoles: A Multidimensional Workload-Aware Histogram 2001 SIGMOD 0.00020041735
692 Independence is Good: Dependency-Based Histogram Synopses for High-Dimensional Data 2001 SIGMOD 0.00014919816
694 Cardinality Estimation Done Right: Index-Based Join Sampling 2017 CIDR 0.00014911698
697 Selectivity Estimation for Range Predicates using Lightweight Models 2019 VLDB 0.00014888851
1,071 Lightweight Graphical Models for Selectivity Estimation Without Independence Assumptions 2011 VLDB 0.00012322342
1,093 Maximizing the Output Rate of Multi-Way Join Queries over Streaming Information Sources 2003 VLDB 0.00012218435
1,170 QuickSel: Quick Selectivity Learning with Mixture Models 2020 SIGMOD 0.00011827259
1,468 Towards a Learning Optimizer for Shared Clouds 2019 VLDB 0.00010686496
1,503 Self-Tuning, GPU-Accelerated Kernel Density Models for Multidimensional Selectivity Estimation 2015 SIGMOD 0.000105564
2,203 Estimating Join Selectivities using Bandwidth-Optimized Kernel Density Models 2017 VLDB 8.9610447e-05
7,388 Synopses for Query Optimization: A Space-Complexity Perspective 2004 PODS 5.6268292e-05
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