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An End-to-End Learning-based Cost Estimator

Summary: An end-to-end tree-structured estimator jointly predicts query cardinality and execution cost, encoding both query predicates and physical operators. Pattern-based string embeddings improve generalization to predicate values without enumerating them, while handling complex query structures. (summarized by gpt-5.6-luna on Jul 24 2026)

Paper ID
h65c46788cb871bbe
Venue
VLDB
Year
2020
Pagerank
0.0001801482
Overall Rank
453 | 96.97%
DOI
10.14778/3368289.3368296
PDF
Download (CC BY-NC-ND 4.0)

Incoming Non-self Citations Over Time

Authors

BibTeX Citation

@article{sun_vldb20,
        title = {{An End-to-End Learning-based Cost Estimator}},
        author = {Sun, Ji and Li, Guoliang},
        journal = {PVLDB},
        series = {{VLDB} '20},
        volume = {13},
        number = {3},
        pages = {307--319},
        doi = {10.14778/3368289.3368296},
        url = {https://doi.org/10.14778/3368289.3368296},
        year = {2020}
}

Incoming Citations (Sorted by Pagerank)

Showing 50 of 109 citing papers.

Rank Citing Paper Year Venue Pagerank
320 DeepDB: Learn from Data, not from Queries! 2020 VLDB 0.00021128745
355 Bao: Making Learned Query Optimization Practical 2021 SIGMOD 0.00020146245
411 QTune: A Query-Aware Database Tuning System with Deep Reinforcement Learning 2019 VLDB 0.0001874043
508 NeuroCard: One Cardinality Estimator for All Tables 2021 VLDB 0.00017108973
983 Cardinality Estimation in DBMS: A Comprehensive Benchmark Evaluation 2022 VLDB 0.00012677179
1,064 Are We Ready For Learned Cardinality Estimation? 2021 VLDB 0.00012181459
1,175 Balsa: Learning a Query Optimizer Without Expert Demonstrations 2022 SIGMOD 0.00011630532
1,583 Deep Learning Models for Selectivity Estimation of Multi-Attribute Queries 2020 SIGMOD 0.00010148362
1,740 Flow-Loss: Learning Cardinality Estimates That Matter 2021 VLDB 9.7289523e-05
2,169 QueryFormer: A Tree Transformer Model for Query Plan Representation 2022 VLDB 8.9151935e-05
2,190 Lero: A Learning-to-Rank Query Optimizer 2023 VLDB 8.8848923e-05
2,348 Learned Cardinality Estimation: An In-depth Study 2022 SIGMOD 8.5910072e-05
2,389 A Learned Query Rewrite System using Monte Carlo Tree Search 2022 VLDB 8.5228689e-05
2,481 Learning a Partitioning Advisor for Cloud Databases 2020 SIGMOD 8.3862675e-05
2,523 Learned Cardinality Estimation: A Design Space Exploration and A Comparative Evaluation 2022 VLDB 8.3316032e-05
2,619 Zero-Shot Cost Models for Out-of-the-box Learned Cost Prediction 2022 VLDB 8.1985665e-05
2,635 Neural Subgraph Counting with Wasserstein Estimator 2022 SIGMOD 8.1795762e-05
2,696 Cost-based or Learning-based? A Hybrid Query Optimizer for Query Plan Selection 2022 VLDB 8.1068354e-05
2,768 Query Performance Prediction for Concurrent Queries using Graph Embedding 2020 VLDB 8.0199086e-05
2,852 FactorJoin: A New Cardinality Estimation Framework for Join Queries 2023 SIGMOD 7.9201312e-05
2,913 AI Meets Database: AI4DB and DB4AI 2021 SIGMOD 7.855786e-05
3,060 A Unified Deep Model of Learning from both Data and Queries for Cardinality Estimation 2021 SIGMOD 7.6828463e-05
3,105 A Learned Sketch for Subgraph Counting 2021 SIGMOD 7.6278115e-05
3,481 LOGER: A Learned Optimizer towards Generating Efficient and Robust Query Execution Plans 2023 VLDB 7.2463722e-05
3,555 Astrid: Accurate Selectivity Estimation for String Predicates using Deep Learning 2021 VLDB 7.1877332e-05
3,687 openGauss: An Autonomous Database System 2021 VLDB 7.0797286e-05
3,709 Stable Learned Bloom Filters for Data Streams 2020 VLDB 7.0586477e-05
3,740 FACE: A Normalizing Flow based Cardinality Estimator 2022 VLDB 7.0398782e-05
3,959 MB2: Decomposed Behavior Modeling for Self-Driving Database Management Systems 2021 SIGMOD 6.8804723e-05
3,967 Efficient Deep Learning Pipelines for Accurate Cost Estimations Over Large Scale Query Workload 2021 SIGMOD 6.8772718e-05
4,063 The Art of Balance: A RateupDB Experience of Building a CPU/GPU Hybrid Database Product 2021 VLDB 6.812902e-05
4,101 Towards Dynamic and Safe Configuration Tuning for Cloud Databases 2022 SIGMOD 6.7930727e-05
4,247 LEON: A New Framework for ML-Aided Query Optimization 2023 VLDB 6.6920059e-05
4,479 Lightweight and Accurate Cardinality Estimation by Neural Network Gaussian Process 2022 SIGMOD 6.5665703e-05
4,549 One Model to Rule them All: Towards Zero-Shot Learning for Databases 2022 CIDR 6.5328866e-05
4,641 How Good are Learned Cost Models, Really? Insights from Query Optimization Tasks 2025 SIGMOD 6.4739208e-05
4,703 Learned Cardinality Estimation for Similarity Queries 2021 SIGMOD 6.4458272e-05
4,720 PreQR: Pre-training Representation for SQL Understanding 2022 SIGMOD 6.4353798e-05
4,726 Learned Index Benefits: Machine Learning Based Index Performance Estimation 2022 VLDB 6.4329878e-05
4,765 Machine Learning for Databases 2021 VLDB 6.4166895e-05
4,792 Learned Approximate Query Processing: Make it Light, Accurate and Fast 2021 CIDR 6.4010108e-05
4,833 Stage: Query Execution Time Prediction in Amazon Redshift 2024 SIGMOD 6.3834856e-05
5,043 Fine-Grained Modeling and Optimization for Intelligent Resource Management in Big Data Processing 2022 VLDB 6.28918e-05
5,153 Monotonic Cardinality Estimation of Similarity Selection: A Deep Learning Approach 2020 SIGMOD 6.2375324e-05
5,211 Database Workload Characterization with Query Plan Encoders 2022 VLDB 6.2141929e-05
5,245 FASTgres: Making Learned Query Optimizer Hinting Effective 2023 VLDB 6.1995935e-05
5,453 Eraser: Eliminating Performance Regression on Learned Query Optimizer 2024 VLDB 6.1077838e-05
5,457 Sample-Efficient Cardinality Estimation Using Geometric Deep Learning 2024 VLDB 6.1058928e-05
5,484 A Comparative Study and Component Analysis of Query Plan Representation Techniques in ML4DB Studies 2024 VLDB 6.0980944e-05
5,854 Modeling Shifting Workloads for Learned Database Systems 2024 SIGMOD 5.9520525e-05
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Outgoing Citations (Sorted by Pagerank)

Showing 13 of 13 cited papers.

Citations counted here include only citations to other VLDB/SIGMOD/CIDR/PODS papers in this database.

Rank Cited Paper Year Venue Pagerank
15 How Good Are Query Optimizers, Really? 2016 VLDB 0.00061463175
79 Practical Selectivity Estimation through Adaptive Sampling 1990 SIGMOD 0.00036394222
84 Learned Cardinalities: Estimating Correlated Joins with Deep Learning 2019 CIDR 0.00035920657
142 Neo: A Learned Query Optimizer 2019 VLDB 0.00029114937
254 The History of Histograms (abridged) 2003 VLDB 0.00022999992
309 An End-to-End Automatic Cloud Database Tuning System Using Deep Reinforcement Learning 2019 SIGMOD 0.0002143249
411 QTune: A Query-Aware Database Tuning System with Deep Reinforcement Learning 2019 VLDB 0.0001874043
545 Plan-Structured Deep Neural Network Models for Query Performance Prediction 2019 VLDB 0.0001657599
676 Robust Estimation of Resource Consumption for SQL Queries using Statistical Techniques 2012 VLDB 0.00014838681
689 Cardinality Estimation Done Right: Index-Based Join Sampling 2017 CIDR 0.00014725904
1,261 Sampling-Based Query Re-Optimization 2016 SIGMOD 0.00011289724
2,174 A Black-Box Approach to Query Cardinality Estimation 2007 CIDR 8.9067128e-05
2,614 Statistical Learning Techniques for Costing XML Queries 2005 VLDB 8.2023561e-05
Previous Page 1 / 1 Next

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