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Cardinality Estimation in DBMS: A Comprehensive Benchmark Evaluation

Summary: Comprehensive real-DBMS benchmark of cardinality estimators, integrating representative methods into PostgreSQL over STATS/STATS-CEB. Shows Q-Error poorly predicts plan quality and introduces P-Error, an end-to-end metric aligned with optimizer performance. (summarized by gpt-5.6-luna on Jul 24 2026)

Paper ID
13135
Venue
VLDB
Year
2022
Pagerank
0.0001209124
Overall Rank
1,122 | 92.31%
DOI
10.14778/3503585.3503586

Incoming Non-self Citations Over Time

Authors

BibTeX Citation

@article{han_vldb22,
        title = {{Cardinality Estimation in DBMS: A Comprehensive Benchmark Evaluation}},
        author = {Han, Yuxing and Wu, Ziniu and Wu, Peizhi and Zhu, Rong and Yang, Jingyi and Tan, Liang Wei and Zeng, Kai and Cong, Gao and Qin, Yanzhao and Pfadler, Andreas and Qian, Zhengping and Zhou, Jingren and Li, Jiangneng and Cui, Bin},
        journal = {PVLDB},
        series = {{VLDB} '22},
        volume = {15},
        number = {4},
        pages = {752--765},
        doi = {10.14778/3503585.3503586},
        url = {https://doi.org/10.14778/3503585.3503586},
        year = {2022}
}

Incoming Citations (Sorted by Pagerank)

Showing 50 of 73 citing papers.

Rank Citing Paper Year Venue Pagerank
2,420 Lero: A Learning-to-Rank Query Optimizer 2023 VLDB 8.605257e-05
2,991 FactorJoin: A New Cardinality Estimation Framework for Join Queries 2023 SIGMOD 7.8880723e-05
3,338 Robust Query Driven Cardinality Estimation under Changing Workloads 2023 VLDB 7.5068221e-05
4,012 Opportunities for Quantum Acceleration of Databases: Optimization of Queries and Transaction Schedules 2023 VLDB 6.9578554e-05
4,349 ALECE: An Attention-based Learned Cardinality Estimator for SPJ Queries on Dynamic Workloads 2024 VLDB 6.7504619e-05
4,434 LEON: A New Framework for ML-Aided Query Optimization 2023 VLDB 6.7079088e-05
4,470 Kepler: Robust Learning for Faster Parametric Query Optimization 2023 SIGMOD 6.6817353e-05
5,010 Analyzing the Impact of Cardinality Estimation on Execution Plans in Microsoft SQL Server 2023 VLDB 6.4023732e-05
5,107 Stage: Query Execution Time Prediction in Amazon Redshift 2024 SIGMOD 6.3623786e-05
5,169 LearnedSQLGen: Constraint-aware SQL Generation using Reinforcement Learning 2022 SIGMOD 6.3349035e-05
5,573 Eraser: Eliminating Performance Regression on Learned Query Optimizer 2024 VLDB 6.1682747e-05
5,576 SafeBound: A Practical System for Generating Cardinality Bounds 2023 SIGMOD 6.1663946e-05
5,639 LpBound: Pessimistic Cardinality Estimation using ℓp-Norms of Degree Sequences 2025 SIGMOD 6.1385102e-05
5,712 Sample-Efficient Cardinality Estimation Using Geometric Deep Learning 2024 VLDB 6.1123894e-05
5,744 SQLStorm: Taking Database Benchmarking into the LLM Era 2025 VLDB 6.1019672e-05
5,767 A Comparative Study and Component Analysis of Query Plan Representation Techniques in ML4DB Studies 2024 VLDB 6.0945741e-05
6,257 Join Size Bounds using l_p-Norms on Degree Sequences 2024 PODS 5.9397944e-05
6,271 Is Your Learned Query Optimizer Behaving As You Expect? A Machine Learning Perspective 2024 VLDB 5.9326197e-05
6,327 Breaking It Down: An In-depth Study of Index Advisors 2024 VLDB 5.9124005e-05
6,357 A Unified Transferable Model for ML-Enhanced DBMS 2022 CIDR 5.9020843e-05
6,462 PilotScope: Steering Databases with Machine Learning Drivers 2024 VLDB 5.8717744e-05
6,543 Speeding Up End-to-end Query Execution via Learning-based Progressive Cardinality Estimation 2023 SIGMOD 5.8461929e-05
6,704 ASM: Harmonizing Autoregressive Model, Sampling, and Multi-dimensional Statistics Merging for Cardinality Estimation 2024 SIGMOD 5.797374e-05
6,760 LPLM: A Neural Language Model for Cardinality Estimation of LIKE-Queries 2024 SIGMOD 5.7826781e-05
7,386 Instance-Optimal Acyclic Join Processing Without Regret: Engineering the Yannakakis Algorithm in Column Stores 2025 VLDB 5.6273882e-05
7,503 Disclosure-Compliant Query Answering 2024 SIGMOD 5.6029996e-05
7,747 Convolution and Cross-Correlation of Count Sketches Enables Fast Cardinality Estimation of Multi-Join Queries 2024 SIGMOD 5.5529458e-05
7,755 Blueprinting the Cloud: Unifying and Automatically Optimizing Cloud Data Infrastructures with BRAD 2024 VLDB 5.5519655e-05
8,305 PARQO: Penalty-Aware Robust Plan Selection in Query Optimization 2024 VLDB 5.4568571e-05
8,643 PACE: Poisoning Attacks on Learned Cardinality Estimation 2024 SIGMOD 5.3940849e-05
8,849 ByteCard: Enhancing ByteDance’s Data Warehouse with Learned Cardinality Estimation 2024 SIGMOD 5.3577504e-05
9,192 Efficient and Effective Cardinality Estimation for Skyline Family 2023 SIGMOD 5.3058708e-05
9,512 Poisson Sampling over Acyclic Joins 2026 SIGMOD 5.2571354e-05
9,720 Avoiding Materialisation for Guarded Aggregate Queries 2025 VLDB 5.2319816e-05
9,724 Approximate Sketches 2024 SIGMOD 5.2308295e-05
9,793 Selectivity Estimation for Queries Containing Predicates over Set-Valued Attributes 2023 SIGMOD 5.2193018e-05
9,867 SPACE: Cardinality Estimation for Path Queries Using Cardinality-Aware Sequence-based Learning 2025 SIGMOD 5.2043672e-05
9,920 Still Asking: How Good Are Query Optimizers, Really? 2025 VLDB 5.1955087e-05
9,958 A Practical Theory of Generalization in Selectivity Learning 2025 VLDB 5.1879626e-05
9,971 Athena: An Effective Learning-based Framework for Query Optimizer Performance Improvement 2025 SIGMOD 5.1845938e-05
9,996 Path-centric Cardinality Estimation for Subgraph Matching 2025 VLDB 5.1814573e-05
10,028 PRICE: A Pretrained Model for Cross-Database Cardinality Estimation 2025 VLDB 5.1745962e-05
10,079 VIDEX: A Disaggregated and Extensible Virtual Index for the Cloud and AI Era 2025 VLDB 5.158939e-05
10,082 Wred: Workload Reduction for Scalable Index Tuning 2024 SIGMOD 5.1587525e-05
10,108 An Elephant Under The Microscope: Analyzing The Interaction Of Optimizer Components In PostgreSQL 2025 SIGMOD 5.1347137e-05
10,196 Are Learned DBMS Components Robust to Workload Drift?: [Experiments & Analysis] 2026 SIGMOD 5.093636e-05
10,272 NeurBench: A Benchmark Suite for Learned Database Components with Drift Modeling: [Experiments & Analysis] 2026 SIGMOD 5.093636e-05
10,296 Succinct Structure Representations for Efficient Query Optimization 2026 SIGMOD 5.093636e-05
10,340 AgentTune: An Agent-Based Large Language Model Framework for Database Knob Tuning 2026 SIGMOD 5.093636e-05
10,343 APQO: An Adaptive Framework for Parametric Query Optimization 2026 SIGMOD 5.093636e-05
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Outgoing Citations (Sorted by Pagerank)

Showing 35 of 35 cited papers.

Citations counted here include only citations to other VLDB/SIGMOD/CIDR/PODS papers in this database.

Rank Cited Paper Year Venue Pagerank
1 Access Path Selection in a Relational Database Management System 1979 SIGMOD 0.0024089429
18 How Good Are Query Optimizers, Really? 2016 VLDB 0.00059284255
84 Learned Cardinalities: Estimating Correlated Joins with Deep Learning 2019 CIDR 0.00035838391
100 LEO - DB2's LEarning Optimizer 2001 VLDB 0.00034385207
101 Selectivity Estimation Without the Attribute Value Independence Assumption 1997 VLDB 0.00034376651
280 Selectivity Estimation using Probabilistic Models 2001 SIGMOD 0.00022454217
323 DeepDB: Learn from Data, not from Queries! 2020 VLDB 0.00021264788
365 STHoles: A Multidimensional Workload-Aware Histogram 2001 SIGMOD 0.00020041735
388 Preventing Bad Plans by Bounding the Impact of Cardinality Estimation Errors 2009 VLDB 0.00019410042
401 Deep Unsupervised Cardinality Estimation 2020 VLDB 0.00019092557
465 An End-to-End Learning-based Cost Estimator 2020 VLDB 0.0001803934
513 NeuroCard: One Cardinality Estimator for All Tables 2021 VLDB 0.00017190574
593 Wander Join: Online Aggregation via Random Walks 2016 SIGMOD 0.00016027871
692 Independence is Good: Dependency-Based Histogram Synopses for High-Dimensional Data 2001 SIGMOD 0.00014919816
694 Cardinality Estimation Done Right: Index-Based Join Sampling 2017 CIDR 0.00014911698
697 Selectivity Estimation for Range Predicates using Lightweight Models 2019 VLDB 0.00014888851
802 Random Sampling over Joins Revisited 2018 SIGMOD 0.00013907725
850 Approximating Multi-Dimensional Aggregate Range Queries Over Real Attributes 2000 SIGMOD 0.00013619394
1,061 Are We Ready For Learned Cardinality Estimation? 2021 VLDB 0.00012369764
1,071 Lightweight Graphical Models for Selectivity Estimation Without Independence Assumptions 2011 VLDB 0.00012322342
1,468 Towards a Learning Optimizer for Shared Clouds 2019 VLDB 0.00010686496
1,499 Pessimistic Cardinality Estimation: Tighter Upper Bounds for Intermediate Join Cardinalities 2019 SIGMOD 0.00010564536
1,503 Self-Tuning, GPU-Accelerated Kernel Density Models for Multidimensional Selectivity Estimation 2015 SIGMOD 0.000105564
1,573 Deep Learning Models for Selectivity Estimation of Multi-Attribute Queries 2020 SIGMOD 0.00010328171
1,876 Flow-Loss: Learning Cardinality Estimates That Matter 2021 VLDB 9.5717543e-05
1,988 FLAT: Fast, Lightweight and Accurate Method for Cardinality Estimation 2021 VLDB 9.3501502e-05
2,203 Estimating Join Selectivities using Bandwidth-Optimized Kernel Density Models 2017 VLDB 8.9610447e-05
2,940 G-CARE: A Framework for Performance Benchmarking of Cardinality Estimation Techniques for Subgraph Matching 2020 SIGMOD 7.9381573e-05
3,086 A Unified Deep Model of Learning from both Data and Queries for Cardinality Estimation 2021 SIGMOD 7.7708642e-05
3,426 Exact Cardinality Query Optimization for Optimizer Testing 2009 VLDB 7.4218997e-05
3,545 Astrid: Accurate Selectivity Estimation for String Predicates using Deep Learning 2021 VLDB 7.3249967e-05
4,630 Efficient Join Synopsis Maintenance for Data Warehouse 2020 SIGMOD 6.5955933e-05
5,137 Exact Cardinality Query Optimization with Bounded Execution Cost 2019 SIGMOD 6.3507372e-05
6,357 A Unified Transferable Model for ML-Enhanced DBMS 2022 CIDR 5.9020843e-05
8,374 SPRINTER: A Fast n-ary Join Query Processing Method for Complex OLAP Queries 2020 SIGMOD 5.4399097e-05
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