The Case for Learned Index Structures

Summary: Indexes treated as models; learned indexes proposed as replacements for B-Tree, Hash, and Bitmap indexes. The paper analyzes theoretical conditions under which learned indexes outperform traditional ones and reports initial results, signaling ML-driven data management as a design paradigm. (summarized by gpt-5-nano on Feb 09 2026)

Paper ID: 5555
Venue: SIGMOD
Year: 2018
Pagerank: 0.00049545203
Overall Rank: 102 | 99.30%
DOI: 10.1145/3183713.3196909

Incoming Non-self Citations Over Time

Authors

Incoming Citations (Sorted by Pagerank)

Showing 50 of 206 citing papers.

Rank	Citing Paper	Year	Venue	Pagerank
4,427	TreeLine: An Update-In-Place Key-Value Store for Modern Storage	2023	VLDB	6.1965873e-05
4,434	Lightweight and Accurate Cardinality Estimation by Neural Network Gaussian Process	2022	SIGMOD	6.1929999e-05
4,446	Stable Learned Bloom Filters for Data Streams	2020	VLDB	6.1800659e-05
4,462	LOGER: A Learned Optimizer towards Generating Efficient and Robust Query Execution Plans	2023	VLDB	6.1611784e-05
4,588	Leaper: A Learned Prefetcher for Cache Invalidation in LSM-tree based Storage Engines	2020	VLDB	6.0655418e-05
4,593	Auto-WLM: Machine Learning Enhanced Workload Management in Amazon Redshift	2023	SIGMOD	6.0606891e-05
4,646	CARMI: A Cache-Aware Learned Index with a Cost-based Construction Algorithm	2022	VLDB	6.0250374e-05
4,690	Deploying a Steered Query Optimizer in Production at Microsoft	2022	SIGMOD	5.997226e-05
4,835	Proteus: A Self-Designing Range Filter	2022	SIGMOD	5.8905445e-05
4,909	A Method for Optimizing Opaque Filter Queries	2020	SIGMOD	5.8338804e-05
4,994	Stacked Filters: Learning to Filter by Structure	2021	VLDB	5.78027e-05
5,074	Learned Index: A Comprehensive Experimental Evaluation	2023	VLDB	5.7175726e-05
5,157	Hist-Tree: Those Who Ignore It Are Doomed to Learn	2021	CIDR	5.6589595e-05
5,258	One Model to Rule them All: Towards Zero-Shot Learning for Databases	2022	CIDR	5.5998705e-05
5,314	Can Learned Models Replace Hash Functions?	2023	VLDB	5.5724608e-05
5,315	Cuckoo Index: A Lightweight Secondary Index Structure	2020	VLDB	5.5723424e-05
5,319	DILI: A Distribution-Driven Learned Index	2023	VLDB	5.5713974e-05
5,428	The Price of Tailoring the Index to Your Data: Poisoning Attacks on Learned Index Structures	2022	SIGMOD	5.5091613e-05
5,572	The RLR-Tree: A Reinforcement Learning Based R-Tree for Spatial Data	2023	SIGMOD	5.4277273e-05
5,573	Spitz: A Verifiable Database System	2020	VLDB	5.4276252e-05
5,592	PLIN: A Persistent Learned Index for Non-Volatile Memory with High Performance and Instant Recovery	2023	VLDB	5.4210633e-05
5,622	Monotonic Cardinality Estimation of Similarity Selection: A Deep Learning Approach	2020	SIGMOD	5.4060403e-05
5,642	NFL: Robust Learned Index via Distribution Transformation	2022	VLDB	5.3929294e-05
5,645	Warper: Efficiently Adapting Learned Cardinality Estimators to Data and Workload Drifts	2022	SIGMOD	5.3923454e-05
5,671	LSched: A Workload-Aware Learned Query Scheduler for Analytical Database Systems	2022	SIGMOD	5.3803919e-05
5,739	InfiniFilter: Expanding Filters to Infinity and Beyond	2023	SIGMOD	5.3471718e-05
5,762	Oasis: An Optimal Disjoint Segmented Learned Range Filter	2024	VLDB	5.3377299e-05
5,791	Dissecting, Designing, and Optimizing LSM-based Data Stores	2022	SIGMOD	5.3268999e-05
5,832	Stage: Query Execution Time Prediction in Amazon Redshift	2024	SIGMOD	5.3111109e-05
5,863	GRF: A Global Range Filter for LSM-Trees with Shape Encoding	2024	SIGMOD	5.2979639e-05
5,880	COMPASS: Online Sketch-based Query Optimization for In-Memory Databases	2021	SIGMOD	5.2898074e-05
5,924	HMAB: Self-Driving Hierarchy of Bandits for Integrated Physical Database Design Tuning	2023	VLDB	5.2719183e-05
6,230	Learned Approximate Query Processing: Make it Light, Accurate and Fast	2021	CIDR	5.145989e-05
6,242	Helios: Hyperscale Indexing for the Cloud & Edge	2020	VLDB	5.1408379e-05
6,297	Towards instance-optimized data systems	2021	VLDB	5.1227886e-05
6,368	Pre-training Summarization Models of Structured Datasets for Cardinality Estimation	2022	VLDB	5.0937722e-05
6,424	Range Search over Encrypted Multi-Attribute Data	2023	VLDB	5.0670573e-05
6,445	Updatable Learned Indexes Meet Disk-Resident DBMS - From Evaluations to Design Choices	2023	SIGMOD	5.0589805e-05
6,456	From Auto-tuning One Size Fits All to Self-designed and Learned Data-intensive Systems	2019	SIGMOD	5.0564619e-05
6,461	An Eight-Dimensional Systematic Evaluation of Optimized Search Algorithms on Modern Processors	2018	VLDB	5.0538774e-05
6,492	FILM: a Fully Learned Index for Larger-than-Memory Databases	2023	VLDB	5.042727e-05
6,724	A Critical Analysis of Recursive Model Indexes	2022	VLDB	4.9484506e-05
6,750	Breaking It Down: An In-depth Study of Index Advisors	2024	VLDB	4.9392771e-05
6,775	A Unified Transferable Model for ML-Enhanced DBMS	2022	CIDR	4.9299192e-05
6,879	Detect, Distill and Update: Learned DB Systems Facing Out of Distribution Data	2023	SIGMOD	4.8971368e-05
6,885	PilotScope: Steering Databases with Machine Learning Drivers	2024	VLDB	4.895386e-05
6,984	Replicated Layout for In-Memory Database Systems	2022	VLDB	4.873081e-05
7,042	LMSFC: A Novel Multidimensional Index based on Learned Monotonic Space Filling Curves	2023	VLDB	4.8541986e-05
7,390	Making In-Memory Learned Indexes Efficient on Disk	2024	SIGMOD	4.7431654e-05
7,395	MOST: Model-Based Compression with Outlier Storage for Time Series Data	2023	SIGMOD	4.7420041e-05

Outgoing Citations (Sorted by Pagerank)

Showing 18 of 18 cited papers.

Citations counted here include only citations to other VLDB/SIGMOD/CIDR/PODS papers in this database.

Rank	Cited Paper	Year	Venue	Pagerank
32	Differential Files: Their Application To The Maintenance Of Large Data Bases	1976	SIGMOD	0.00077486306
44	The Design Of Postgres	1986	SIGMOD	0.00071838587
103	Making B+-Trees Cache Conscious in Main Memory	2000	SIGMOD	0.00049150032
233	A Study of Index Structures for Main Memory Database Management Systems	1986	VLDB	0.00032021526
368	Small Materialized Aggregates: A Light Weight Index Structure for Data Warehousing	1998	VLDB	0.000254931
381	FAST: Fast Architecture Sensitive Tree Search on Modern CPUs and GPUs	2010	SIGMOD	0.00024873637
720	Building a Database on S3	2008	SIGMOD	0.00017615431
1,213	RDF-3X: a RISC-style Engine for RDF	2008	VLDB	0.0001325231
1,312	Reducing the Storage Overhead of Main-Memory OLTP Databases with Hybrid Indexes	2016	SIGMOD	0.00012652548
1,471	Adaptive Range Filters for Cold Data: Avoiding Trips to Siberia	2013	VLDB	0.00011830111
1,696	A Seven-Dimensional Analysis of Hashing Methods and its Implications on Query Processing	2016	VLDB	0.00010881034
1,711	SCADS: Scale-Independent Storage for Social Computing Applications	2009	CIDR	0.0001080509
1,819	The End of a Myth: Distributed Transactions Can Scale	2017	VLDB	0.00010429773
1,873	An Architecture for Compiling UDF-centric Workflows	2015	VLDB	0.00010253002
1,913	BF-Tree: Approximate Tree Indexing	2014	VLDB	0.00010113937
3,777	A Hybrid B+-tree as Solution for In-Memory Indexing on CPU-GPU Heterogeneous Computing Platforms	2016	SIGMOD	6.7750901e-05
3,912	Two Birds, One Stone: A Fast, yet Lightweight, Indexing Scheme for Modern Database Systems	2017	VLDB	6.6354964e-05
4,897	The Wavelet Trie: Maintaining an Indexed Sequence of Strings in Compressed Space	2012	PODS	5.8469152e-05

Semantically Similar Papers

Overall Rank	Paper	Year	Venue	Pagerank
8,811	Tuning Hierarchical Learned Indexes on Disk and Beyond	2022	SIGMOD	4.4441574e-05
5,157	Hist-Tree: Those Who Ignore It Are Doomed to Learn	2021	CIDR	5.6589595e-05
9,746	Why Are Learned Indexes So Effective but Sometimes Ineffective?	2025	VLDB	4.2897489e-05
6,445	Updatable Learned Indexes Meet Disk-Resident DBMS - From Evaluations to Design Choices	2023	SIGMOD	5.0589805e-05
2,552	Updatable Learned Index with Precise Positions	2021	VLDB	8.5530411e-05
4,128	Are Updatable Learned Indexes Ready?	2022	VLDB	6.4292373e-05
2,678	Effectively Learning Spatial Indices	2020	VLDB	8.3252088e-05
7,390	Making In-Memory Learned Indexes Efficient on Disk	2024	SIGMOD	4.7431654e-05
5,074	Learned Index: A Comprehensive Experimental Evaluation	2023	VLDB	5.7175726e-05
1,460	Benchmarking Learned Indexes	2021	VLDB	0.00011887068