The Case for Learned Index Structures

Summary: Indexes treated as models; learned indexes proposed as replacements for B-Tree, Hash, and Bitmap indexes. The paper analyzes theoretical conditions under which learned indexes outperform traditional ones and reports initial results, signaling ML-driven data management as a design paradigm. (summarized by gpt-5-nano on Feb 09 2026)

Paper ID: 5556
Venue: SIGMOD
Year: 2018
Pagerank: 0.00049778866
Overall Rank: 101 | 99.30%
DOI: 10.1145/3183713.3196909

Incoming Non-self Citations Over Time

Authors

Incoming Citations (Sorted by Pagerank)

Showing 50 of 206 citing papers.

Rank	Citing Paper	Year	Venue	Pagerank
7,549	LIDER: An Efficient High-dimensional Learned Index for Large-scale Dense Passage Retrieval	2023	VLDB	4.7089636e-05
7,623	Learning to Optimize LSM-trees: Towards A Reinforcement Learning based Key-Value Store for Dynamic Workloads	2023	SIGMOD	4.6890662e-05
7,631	Evaluating Persistent Memory Range Indexes: Part Two	2022	VLDB	4.6878629e-05
7,632	A Progress Report on DBOS: A Database-oriented Operating System	2022	CIDR	4.6872915e-05
7,652	Machine Learning for Cloud Data Systems: the Progress so far and the Path Forward	2021	VLDB	4.6831938e-05
7,654	LiteHST: A Tree Embedding based Method for Similarity Search	2023	SIGMOD	4.6831082e-05
7,662	Optimizing Collections of Bloom Filters within a Space Budget	2024	VLDB	4.6812878e-05
7,870	SALI: A Scalable Adaptive Learned Index Framework based on Probability Models	2023	SIGMOD	4.6271153e-05
7,894	LITS: An Optimized Learned Index for Strings	2024	VLDB	4.6196003e-05
7,994	Blueprinting the Cloud: Unifying and Automatically Optimizing Cloud Data Infrastructures with BRAD	2024	VLDB	4.607322e-05
8,011	CAMAL: Optimizing LSM-trees via Active Learning	2024	SIGMOD	4.6022693e-05
8,079	Accelerating String-key Learned Index Structures via Memoization-based Incremental Training	2024	VLDB	4.5873372e-05
8,089	Towards Designing and Learning Piecewise Space-Filling Curves	2023	VLDB	4.5855593e-05
8,100	Hyper: A High-Performance and Memory-Efficient Learned Index via Hybrid Construction	2024	SIGMOD	4.5821762e-05
8,219	PerfGuard: Deploying ML-for-Systems without Performance Regressions, Almost!	2021	VLDB	4.551524e-05
8,221	Sieve: A Learned Data-Skipping Index for Data Analytics	2023	VLDB	4.5511941e-05
8,340	Deep Learning: Systems and Responsibility	2021	SIGMOD	4.5381546e-05
8,354	Waffle: A Workload-Aware and Query-Sensitive Framework for Disk-Based Spatial Indexing	2023	VLDB	4.5329424e-05
8,365	NeurDB: On the Design and Implementation of an AI-powered Autonomous Database	2025	CIDR	4.5305127e-05
8,378	Towards Building Autonomous Data Services on Azure	2023	SIGMOD	4.5275731e-05
8,383	Consistent and Flexible Selectivity Estimation for High-Dimensional Data	2021	SIGMOD	4.5261239e-05
8,408	The next 50 Years in Database Indexing or: The Case for Automatically Generated Index Structures	2022	VLDB	4.5159669e-05
8,411	The Case for Learned In-Memory Joins	2023	VLDB	4.5151296e-05
8,426	Time Series Representation for Visualization in Apache IoTDB	2024	SIGMOD	4.5098472e-05
8,434	SageDB: An Instance-Optimized Data Analytics System	2022	VLDB	4.5077955e-05
8,439	Cabin: a Compressed Adaptive Binned Scan Index	2024	SIGMOD	4.5058812e-05
8,524	Aleph Filter: To Infinity in Constant Time	2024	VLDB	4.4893996e-05
8,624	Limousine: Blending Learned and Classical Indexes to Self-Design Larger-than-Memory Cloud Storage Engines	2024	SIGMOD	4.4786127e-05
8,634	Building Fast and Compact Sketches for Approximately Multi-Set Multi-Membership Querying	2021	SIGMOD	4.4758632e-05
8,636	WISK: A Workload-aware Learned Index for Spatial Keyword Queries	2023	SIGMOD	4.4758336e-05
8,646	Optimizing Video Selection LIMIT Queries With Commonsense Knowledge	2024	VLDB	4.4720866e-05
8,648	HAP: An Efficient Hamming Space Index Based on Augmented Pigeonhole Principle	2022	SIGMOD	4.4718808e-05
8,653	Adaptive Hybrid Indexes	2022	SIGMOD	4.4696663e-05
8,668	Algorithmic Complexity Attacks on Dynamic Learned Indexes	2024	VLDB	4.4671214e-05
8,717	Entropy-Learned Hashing: Constant Time Hashing with Controllable Uniformity	2022	SIGMOD	4.4566937e-05
8,811	Tuning Hierarchical Learned Indexes on Disk and Beyond	2022	SIGMOD	4.4398976e-05
8,847	Towards Foundation Database Models	2025	CIDR	4.4329366e-05
8,952	One Seed, Two Birds: A Unified Learned Structure for Exact and Approximate Counting	2024	SIGMOD	4.4195459e-05
8,990	The Past, Present and Future of Indexing on Persistent Memory	2022	VLDB	4.4115395e-05
9,093	AirIndex: Versatile Index Tuning Through Data and Storage	2023	SIGMOD	4.3932886e-05
9,117	Deep Query Optimization	2019	SIGMOD	4.3885415e-05
9,121	External Merge Sort for Top-K Queries: Eager input filtering guided by histograms	2020	SIGMOD	4.3878169e-05
9,191	POLAR: Adaptive and Non-invasive Join Order Selection via Plans of Least Resistance	2024	VLDB	4.3738237e-05
9,221	Diva: Dynamic Range Filter for Var-Length Keys and Queries	2025	VLDB	4.366098e-05
9,233	LeaFi: Data Series Indexes on Steroids with Learned Filters	2025	SIGMOD	4.3648789e-05
9,350	LIMAO: A Framework for Lifelong Modular Learned Query Optimization	2025	VLDB	4.3494621e-05
9,351	Can Learned Indexes be Built Efficiently? A Deep Dive into Sampling Trade-offs	2024	SIGMOD	4.3490308e-05
9,403	Outback: Fast and Communication-efficient Index for Key-Value Store on Disaggregated Memory	2025	VLDB	4.3399748e-05
9,410	Revisiting B-tree Compression: An Experimental Study	2024	SIGMOD	4.3399748e-05
9,605	Waffle: In-memory Grid Index for Moving Objects with Reinforcement Learning-based Configuration Tuning System	2022	VLDB	4.3136057e-05

Outgoing Citations (Sorted by Pagerank)

Showing 18 of 18 cited papers.

Citations counted here include only citations to other VLDB/SIGMOD/CIDR/PODS papers in this database.

Rank	Cited Paper	Year	Venue	Pagerank
32	Differential Files: Their Application To The Maintenance Of Large Data Bases	1976	SIGMOD	0.00077553033
44	The Design Of Postgres	1986	SIGMOD	0.00071946446
104	Making B+-Trees Cache Conscious in Main Memory	2000	SIGMOD	0.00049475932
235	A Study of Index Structures for Main Memory Database Management Systems	1986	VLDB	0.00031980259
367	Small Materialized Aggregates: A Light Weight Index Structure for Data Warehousing	1998	VLDB	0.00025518228
382	FAST: Fast Architecture Sensitive Tree Search on Modern CPUs and GPUs	2010	SIGMOD	0.00024888997
715	Building a Database on S3	2008	SIGMOD	0.00017636409
1,212	RDF-3X: a RISC-style Engine for RDF	2008	VLDB	0.00013255692
1,300	Reducing the Storage Overhead of Main-Memory OLTP Databases with Hybrid Indexes	2016	SIGMOD	0.00012711153
1,468	Adaptive Range Filters for Cold Data: Avoiding Trips to Siberia	2013	VLDB	0.00011831457
1,692	A Seven-Dimensional Analysis of Hashing Methods and its Implications on Query Processing	2016	VLDB	0.00010887129
1,706	SCADS: Scale-Independent Storage for Social Computing Applications	2009	CIDR	0.00010806188
1,813	The End of a Myth: Distributed Transactions Can Scale	2017	VLDB	0.00010452333
1,875	An Architecture for Compiling UDF-centric Workflows	2015	VLDB	0.00010243959
1,909	BF-Tree: Approximate Tree Indexing	2014	VLDB	0.00010123661
3,760	A Hybrid B+-tree as Solution for In-Memory Indexing on CPU-GPU Heterogeneous Computing Platforms	2016	SIGMOD	6.7790524e-05
3,906	Two Birds, One Stone: A Fast, yet Lightweight, Indexing Scheme for Modern Database Systems	2017	VLDB	6.6413008e-05
4,886	The Wavelet Trie: Maintaining an Indexed Sequence of Strings in Compressed Space	2012	PODS	5.8508915e-05

Semantically Similar Papers

Overall Rank	Paper	Year	Venue	Pagerank
8,811	Tuning Hierarchical Learned Indexes on Disk and Beyond	2022	SIGMOD	4.4398976e-05
5,154	Hist-Tree: Those Who Ignore It Are Doomed to Learn	2021	CIDR	5.6548237e-05
9,745	Why Are Learned Indexes So Effective but Sometimes Ineffective?	2025	VLDB	4.2856385e-05
6,442	Updatable Learned Indexes Meet Disk-Resident DBMS - From Evaluations to Design Choices	2023	SIGMOD	5.0541252e-05
2,550	Updatable Learned Index with Precise Positions	2021	VLDB	8.5569576e-05
4,056	Are Updatable Learned Indexes Ready?	2022	VLDB	6.4905689e-05
2,676	Effectively Learning Spatial Indices	2020	VLDB	8.326321e-05
7,389	Making In-Memory Learned Indexes Efficient on Disk	2024	SIGMOD	4.7386163e-05
5,072	Learned Index: A Comprehensive Experimental Evaluation	2023	VLDB	5.7121108e-05
1,438	Benchmarking Learned Indexes	2021	VLDB	0.00011965956