The Case for Learned Index Structures

Summary: Indexes treated as models; learned indexes proposed as replacements for B-Tree, Hash, and Bitmap indexes. The paper analyzes theoretical conditions under which learned indexes outperform traditional ones and reports initial results, signaling ML-driven data management as a design paradigm. (summarized by gpt-5-nano on Feb 09 2026)

Paper ID: 5556
Venue: SIGMOD
Year: 2018
Pagerank: 0.0004530684
Overall Rank: 45 | 99.69%
DOI: 10.1145/3183713.3196909

Incoming Non-self Citations Over Time

Authors

Incoming Citations (Sorted by Pagerank)

Showing 50 of 206 citing papers.

Rank	Citing Paper	Year	Venue	Pagerank
9,593	Waffle: In-memory Grid Index for Moving Objects with Reinforcement Learning-based Configuration Tuning System	2022	VLDB	5.3086438e-05
9,606	A New Paradigm in Tuning Learned Indexes: A Reinforcement Learning Enhanced Approach	2025	SIGMOD	5.3077157e-05
9,715	SPACE: Cardinality Estimation for Path Queries Using Cardinality-Aware Sequence-based Learning	2025	SIGMOD	5.2849709e-05
9,733	Why Are Learned Indexes So Effective but Sometimes Ineffective?	2025	VLDB	5.2802856e-05
9,778	The Image Calculator: 10x Faster Image-AI Inference by Replacing JPEG with Self-designing Storage Format	2024	SIGMOD	5.2743647e-05
9,821	PLATON: Top-down R-tree Packing with Learned Partition Policy	2023	SIGMOD	5.2648912e-05
9,840	Machine Unlearning in Learned Databases: An Experimental Analysis	2024	SIGMOD	5.2620192e-05
9,844	HyperBlocker: Accelerating Rule-based Blocking in Entity Resolution using GPUs	2025	VLDB	5.2617062e-05
9,855	VIP Hashing - Adapting to Skew in Popularity of Data on the Fly	2022	VLDB	5.2587335e-05
9,890	DBMS Fitting: Why should we learn what we already know?	2020	CIDR	5.2500123e-05
9,902	Towards Systematic Index Dynamization	2024	VLDB	5.2464179e-05
9,913	Check Out the Big Brain on BRAD: Simplifying Cloud Data Processing with Learned Automated Data Meshes	2023	VLDB	5.2443653e-05
9,932	ChainedFilter: Combining Membership Filters by Chain Rule	2023	SIGMOD	5.2377177e-05
9,947	SSCard: Substring Cardinality Estimation using Suffix Tree-Guided Learned FM-Index	2026	SIGMOD	5.2299972e-05
9,982	Does A Fish Need a Bicycle? The Case for On-Chip NPUs in DBMS	2026	CIDR	5.1725247e-05
10,038	Understanding Robustness Issues of Updatable Learned Indexes: [Experiments & Analysis]	2026	SIGMOD	5.1725247e-05
10,087	High Performance or Low Memory? An Updatable Learned Index Framework for Time-Space Tradeoff	2026	SIGMOD	5.1725247e-05
10,163	Enumerating Graph Pattern Matches with ML Oracles	2026	SIGMOD	5.1725247e-05
10,169	From Learning to Recycling: A Log-Structured Learned-Less Index	2026	SIGMOD	5.1725247e-05
10,172	HIRE: A Hybrid Learned Index for Robust and Efficient Performance under Mixed Workloads	2026	SIGMOD	5.1725247e-05
10,175	Improving LZ4 for Effective Compression and Efficient Query	2026	SIGMOD	5.1725247e-05
10,180	LM-Tree: A Hybrid Learned Index for Similarity Search in Metric Spaces	2026	SIGMOD	5.1725247e-05
10,216	The Case For Language Model Approximated LIKE Predicate	2026	SIGMOD	5.1725247e-05
10,324	A Workload-Aware Encrypted Index for Efficient Privacy-Preserving Range Queries	2026	VLDB	5.1725247e-05
10,331	LiBox: A Learned Index as an Array to Minimize Last-Mile Search	2026	VLDB	5.1725247e-05
10,338	Learned Static Function Data Structures	2026	VLDB	5.1725247e-05
10,396	Optimizing Block Skipping for High-Dimensional Data with Learned Adaptive Curve	2025	SIGMOD	5.1725247e-05
10,407	VEGA: An Active-tuning Learned Index with Group-Wise Learning Granularity	2025	SIGMOD	5.1725247e-05
10,494	Femur: A Flexible Framework for Fast and Secure Querying from Public Key-Value Store	2025	SIGMOD	5.1725247e-05
10,540	SPECIAL: Synopsis Assisted Secure Collaborative Analytics	2025	VLDB	5.1725247e-05
10,557	GeoBloom: Revisiting Lightweight Models for Geographic Information Retrieval	2025	VLDB	5.1725247e-05
10,571	FB+-tree: A Memory-Optimized B+-tree with Latch-Free Update	2025	VLDB	5.1725247e-05
10,598	ACE: A Cardinality Estimator for Set-Valued Queries	2025	VLDB	5.1725247e-05
10,629	BLAEQ: A Multigrid Index for Spatial Query on Geometry Data	2025	VLDB	5.1725247e-05
10,691	Accelerating Approximate Nearest Neighbor Search in Hierarchical Graphs: Efficient Level Navigation with Shortcuts	2025	VLDB	5.1725247e-05
10,706	Not Small Enough? SegPQ: A Learned Approach to Compress Product Quantization Codebooks	2025	VLDB	5.1725247e-05
10,719	DobLIX: A Dual-Objective Learned Index for Log-Structured Merge Trees	2025	VLDB	5.1725247e-05
10,829	LETIndex: A Secure Learned Index with TEE	2025	VLDB	5.1725247e-05
10,837	Cardinality Estimation for Similarity Search on High-Dimensional Data Objects: The Impact of Reference Objects	2025	VLDB	5.1725247e-05
10,934	Proactive Resume and Pause of Resources for Microsoft Azure SQL Database Serverless	2024	SIGMOD	5.1725247e-05
10,952	SWIX: A Memory-efficient Sliding Window Learned Index	2024	SIGMOD	5.1725247e-05
10,963	FairHash: A Fair and Memory/Time-efficient Hashmap	2024	SIGMOD	5.1725247e-05
10,966	FeatureLTE: Learning to Estimate Feature Importance	2024	SIGMOD	5.1725247e-05
10,983	BT-Tree: A Reinforcement Learning Based Index for Big Trajectory Data	2024	SIGMOD	5.1725247e-05
11,139	Efficient Cost Modeling of Space-filling Curves	2024	VLDB	5.1725247e-05
11,224	A Learned Cuckoo Filter for Approximate Membership Queries over Variable-sized Sliding Windows on Data Streams	2023	SIGMOD	5.1725247e-05
11,238	AdaChain: A Learned Adaptive Blockchain	2023	VLDB	5.1725247e-05
11,278	Route Travel Time Estimation on A Road Network Revisited: Heterogeneity, Proximity, Periodicity and Dynamicity	2023	VLDB	5.1725247e-05
11,281	Demonstrating Waffle: A Self-driving Grid Index	2023	VLDB	5.1725247e-05
11,376	New Wine in an Old Bottle: Data-Aware Hash Functions for Bloom Filters	2022	VLDB	5.1725247e-05

Outgoing Citations (Sorted by Pagerank)

Showing 18 of 18 cited papers.

Citations counted here include only citations to other VLDB/SIGMOD/CIDR/PODS papers in this database.

Rank	Cited Paper	Year	Venue	Pagerank
34	The Design Of Postgres	1986	SIGMOD	0.0004954896
59	Differential Files: Their Application To The Maintenance Of Large Data Bases	1976	SIGMOD	0.00040188459
67	Making B+-Trees Cache Conscious in Main Memory	2000	SIGMOD	0.00038604158
220	A Study of Index Structures for Main Memory Database Management Systems	1986	VLDB	0.00024501959
239	Small Materialized Aggregates: A Light Weight Index Structure for Data Warehousing	1998	VLDB	0.00023999126
279	FAST: Fast Architecture Sensitive Tree Search on Modern CPUs and GPUs	2010	SIGMOD	0.00022556553
651	Building a Database on S3	2008	SIGMOD	0.0001542467
930	RDF-3X: a RISC-style Engine for RDF	2008	VLDB	0.00013207168
973	Reducing the Storage Overhead of Main-Memory OLTP Databases with Hybrid Indexes	2016	SIGMOD	0.00012963904
1,126	Adaptive Range Filters for Cold Data: Avoiding Trips to Siberia	2013	VLDB	0.00012159658
1,277	A Seven-Dimensional Analysis of Hashing Methods and its Implications on Query Processing	2016	VLDB	0.00011464259
1,322	The End of a Myth: Distributed Transactions Can Scale	2017	VLDB	0.00011274844
1,432	An Architecture for Compiling UDF-centric Workflows	2015	VLDB	0.00010905682
1,517	BF-Tree: Approximate Tree Indexing	2014	VLDB	0.00010572807
1,593	SCADS: Scale-Independent Storage for Social Computing Applications	2009	CIDR	0.00010341471
3,423	A Hybrid B+-tree as Solution for In-Memory Indexing on CPU-GPU Heterogeneous Computing Platforms	2016	SIGMOD	7.5027088e-05
3,577	Two Birds, One Stone: A Fast, yet Lightweight, Indexing Scheme for Modern Database Systems	2017	VLDB	7.3506663e-05
4,929	The Wavelet Trie: Maintaining an Indexed Sequence of Strings in Compressed Space	2012	PODS	6.5050788e-05

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8,697	Tuning Hierarchical Learned Indexes on Disk and Beyond	2022	SIGMOD	5.4473761e-05
4,637	Hist-Tree: Those Who Ignore It Are Doomed to Learn	2021	CIDR	6.6558829e-05
9,733	Why Are Learned Indexes So Effective but Sometimes Ineffective?	2025	VLDB	5.2802856e-05
5,789	Updatable Learned Indexes Meet Disk-Resident DBMS - From Evaluations to Design Choices	2023	SIGMOD	6.1471889e-05
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