Learning Multi-dimensional Indexes

Summary: Flood is a learnable, in-memory multi-dimensional index that jointly optimizes structure and data layout to adapt to a dataset and workload. It delivers up to three orders of magnitude faster range scans than state-of-the-art alternatives, a building block for end-to-end learned DB systems. (summarized by gpt-5-nano on Feb 09 2026)

Paper ID: 5792
Venue: SIGMOD
Year: 2020
Pagerank: 0.00011762542
Overall Rank: 1,478 | 89.72%
DOI: 10.1145/3318464.3380579

Incoming Non-self Citations Over Time

Authors

Incoming Citations (Sorted by Pagerank)

Showing 50 of 69 citing papers.

Rank	Citing Paper	Year	Venue	Pagerank
826	ALEX: An Updatable Adaptive Learned Index	2020	SIGMOD	0.00016224841
1,460	Benchmarking Learned Indexes	2021	VLDB	0.00011887068
1,611	Qd-tree: Learning Data Layouts for Big Data Analytics	2020	SIGMOD	0.00011147324
1,889	Tsunami: A Learned Multi-dimensional Index for Correlated Data and Skewed Workloads	2021	VLDB	0.00010200865
2,552	Updatable Learned Index with Precise Positions	2021	VLDB	8.5530411e-05
2,678	Effectively Learning Spatial Indices	2020	VLDB	8.3252088e-05
2,762	FLAT: Fast, Lightweight and Accurate Method for Cardinality Estimation	2021	VLDB	8.1585394e-05
3,473	AI Meets Database: AI4DB and DB4AI	2021	SIGMOD	7.062864e-05
3,499	Fauce: Fast and Accurate Deep Ensembles with Uncertainty for Cardinality Estimation	2021	VLDB	7.0376445e-05
3,779	Instance-Optimized Data Layouts for Cloud Analytics Workloads	2021	SIGMOD	6.7747205e-05
4,060	CDFShop: Exploring and Optimizing Learned Index Structures	2020	SIGMOD	6.4836825e-05
4,084	APEX: A High-Performance Learned Index on Persistent Memory	2022	VLDB	6.4622113e-05
4,128	Are Updatable Learned Indexes Ready?	2022	VLDB	6.4292373e-05
4,434	Lightweight and Accurate Cardinality Estimation by Neural Network Gaussian Process	2022	SIGMOD	6.1929999e-05
4,446	Stable Learned Bloom Filters for Data Streams	2020	VLDB	6.1800659e-05
4,593	Auto-WLM: Machine Learning Enhanced Workload Management in Amazon Redshift	2023	SIGMOD	6.0606891e-05
4,646	CARMI: A Cache-Aware Learned Index with a Cost-based Construction Algorithm	2022	VLDB	6.0250374e-05
5,074	Learned Index: A Comprehensive Experimental Evaluation	2023	VLDB	5.7175726e-05
5,157	Hist-Tree: Those Who Ignore It Are Doomed to Learn	2021	CIDR	5.6589595e-05
5,314	Can Learned Models Replace Hash Functions?	2023	VLDB	5.5724608e-05
5,315	Cuckoo Index: A Lightweight Secondary Index Structure	2020	VLDB	5.5723424e-05
5,319	DILI: A Distribution-Driven Learned Index	2023	VLDB	5.5713974e-05
5,371	LearnedSQLGen: Constraint-aware SQL Generation using Reinforcement Learning	2022	SIGMOD	5.5428776e-05
5,428	The Price of Tailoring the Index to Your Data: Poisoning Attacks on Learned Index Structures	2022	SIGMOD	5.5091613e-05
5,572	The RLR-Tree: A Reinforcement Learning Based R-Tree for Spatial Data	2023	SIGMOD	5.4277273e-05
5,642	NFL: Robust Learned Index via Distribution Transformation	2022	VLDB	5.3929294e-05
5,671	LSched: A Workload-Aware Learned Query Scheduler for Analytical Database Systems	2022	SIGMOD	5.3803919e-05
5,832	Stage: Query Execution Time Prediction in Amazon Redshift	2024	SIGMOD	5.3111109e-05
5,861	Machine Learning for Databases	2021	VLDB	5.298883e-05
6,279	Self-Organizing Data Containers	2022	CIDR	5.1295282e-05
6,297	Towards instance-optimized data systems	2021	VLDB	5.1227886e-05
6,445	Updatable Learned Indexes Meet Disk-Resident DBMS - From Evaluations to Design Choices	2023	SIGMOD	5.0589805e-05
6,492	FILM: a Fully Learned Index for Larger-than-Memory Databases	2023	VLDB	5.042727e-05
6,775	A Unified Transferable Model for ML-Enhanced DBMS	2022	CIDR	4.9299192e-05
6,879	Detect, Distill and Update: Learned DB Systems Facing Out of Distribution Data	2023	SIGMOD	4.8971368e-05
6,984	Replicated Layout for In-Memory Database Systems	2022	VLDB	4.873081e-05
7,042	LMSFC: A Novel Multidimensional Index based on Learned Monotonic Space Filling Curves	2023	VLDB	4.8541986e-05
7,390	Making In-Memory Learned Indexes Efficient on Disk	2024	SIGMOD	4.7431654e-05
7,828	Modeling Shifting Workloads for Learned Database Systems	2024	SIGMOD	4.6407986e-05
7,832	LIDER: An Efficient High-dimensional Learned Index for Large-scale Dense Passage Retrieval	2023	VLDB	4.6387029e-05
7,869	SALI: A Scalable Adaptive Learned Index Framework based on Probability Models	2023	SIGMOD	4.6315248e-05
7,990	Blueprinting the Cloud: Unifying and Automatically Optimizing Cloud Data Infrastructures with BRAD	2024	VLDB	4.6117441e-05
8,076	Accelerating String-key Learned Index Structures via Memoization-based Incremental Training	2024	VLDB	4.5917398e-05
8,225	Automated Multidimensional Data Layouts in Amazon Redshift	2024	SIGMOD	4.555289e-05
8,359	Waffle: A Workload-Aware and Query-Sensitive Framework for Disk-Based Spatial Indexing	2023	VLDB	4.5372925e-05
8,417	The Case for Learned In-Memory Joins	2023	VLDB	4.5194164e-05
8,442	SageDB: An Instance-Optimized Data Analytics System	2022	VLDB	4.5120602e-05
8,636	WISK: A Workload-aware Learned Index for Spatial Keyword Queries	2023	SIGMOD	4.4801284e-05
8,650	HAP: An Efficient Hamming Space Index Based on Augmented Pigeonhole Principle	2022	SIGMOD	4.4761716e-05
8,671	Algorithmic Complexity Attacks on Dynamic Learned Indexes	2024	VLDB	4.4714076e-05

Outgoing Citations (Sorted by Pagerank)

Showing 19 of 19 cited papers.

Citations counted here include only citations to other VLDB/SIGMOD/CIDR/PODS papers in this database.

Rank	Cited Paper	Year	Venue	Pagerank
21	C-Store: A Column-oriented DBMS	2005	VLDB	0.00086087497
32	Differential Files: Their Application To The Maintenance Of Large Data Bases	1976	SIGMOD	0.00077486306
102	The Case for Learned Index Structures	2018	SIGMOD	0.00049545203
237	An Efficient, Cost-Driven Index Selection Tool for Microsoft SQL Server	1997	VLDB	0.00031726304
310	The Vertica Analytic Database: C-Store 7 Years Later	2012	VLDB	0.00028132402
408	Database Cracking	2007	CIDR	0.00023953844
647	Progressive Approximate Aggregate Queries with a Multi-Resolution Tree Structure	2001	SIGMOD	0.00018668224
716	Query-based Workload Forecasting for Self-Driving Database Management Systems	2018	SIGMOD	0.00017723171
801	SageDB: A Learned Database System	2019	CIDR	0.00016505496
826	ALEX: An Updatable Adaptive Learned Index	2020	SIGMOD	0.00016224841
1,547	Lightweight Graphical Models for Selectivity Estimation Without Independence Assumptions	2011	VLDB	0.00011442359
1,737	QuickSel: Quick Selectivity Learning with Mixture Models	2020	SIGMOD	0.00010720294
2,157	The Data Calculator*: Data Structure Design and Cost Synthesis from First Principles and Learned Cost Models	2018	SIGMOD	9.416022e-05
2,229	Self-organizing Tuple Reconstruction in Column-stores	2009	SIGMOD	9.2350274e-05
2,502	Integrating the UB-Tree into a Database System Kernel	2000	VLDB	8.6438339e-05
2,837	Correlation Maps: A Compressed Access Method for Exploiting Soft Functional Dependencies	2009	VLDB	8.0414149e-05
2,865	Designing Succinct Secondary Indexing Mechanism by Exploiting Column Correlations	2019	SIGMOD	7.9862595e-05
2,987	The Uncracked Pieces in Database Cracking	2014	VLDB	7.7787088e-05
5,021	Twin Grid Files: Space Optimizing Access Schemes	1988	SIGMOD	5.7548311e-05

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9,767	Adaptive Indexing of Objects with Spatial Extent	2023	VLDB	4.2856106e-05
1,184	On Effective Multi-Dimensional Indexing for Strings	2000	SIGMOD	0.00013455208
1,460	Benchmarking Learned Indexes	2021	VLDB	0.00011887068
10,314	Index Intersection for High-Dimensional Range Queries	2026	VLDB	4.1945683e-05
4,128	Are Updatable Learned Indexes Ready?	2022	VLDB	6.4292373e-05
1,488	On the Analysis of Indexing Schemes	1997	PODS	0.00011699446
5,074	Learned Index: A Comprehensive Experimental Evaluation	2023	VLDB	5.7175726e-05
1,889	Tsunami: A Learned Multi-dimensional Index for Correlated Data and Skewed Workloads	2021	VLDB	0.00010200865
10,748	Benchmarking Adaptive Multidimensional Indices	2025	VLDB	4.1945683e-05