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FLAT: Fast, Lightweight and Accurate Method for Cardinality Estimation
Summary: FLAT: FSPN, an unsupervised model blending independent and conditional factorizations for cardinality estimation. Near-linear online probability with updates enables fast single- and multi-table estimates; Postgres integration yields 12.9% gains.
(summarized by gpt-5-nano on Feb 09 2026)
- Paper ID
- 12338
- Venue
- VLDB
- Year
- 2021
- Pagerank
- 8.1512848e-05
- Overall Rank
- 2,769 | 80.76%
- DOI
-
10.14778/3461535.3461539
Incoming Non-self Citations Over Time
Incoming Citations (Sorted by Pagerank)
Showing 1 of 51 citing papers.
Outgoing Citations (Sorted by Pagerank)
Showing 27 of 27 cited papers.
Citations counted here include only citations to other VLDB/SIGMOD/CIDR/PODS papers in this database.
| Rank |
Cited Paper |
Year |
Venue |
Pagerank |
| 1 |
Access Path Selection in a Relational Database Management System |
1979 |
SIGMOD |
0.0040465394 |
| 66 |
Spark SQL: Relational Data Processing in Spark |
2015 |
SIGMOD |
0.00061707583 |
| 71 |
How Good Are Query Optimizers, Really? |
2016 |
VLDB |
0.00059446482 |
| 100 |
On the Propagation of Errors in the Size of Join Results |
1991 |
SIGMOD |
0.00050033475 |
| 101 |
The Case for Learned Index Structures |
2018 |
SIGMOD |
0.00049778866 |
| 141 |
Selectivity Estimation Without the Attribute Value Independence Assumption |
1997 |
VLDB |
0.00041819767 |
| 181 |
LEO - DB2's LEarning Optimizer |
2001 |
VLDB |
0.00036970794 |
| 183 |
Automatic Database Management System Tuning Through Large-scale Machine Learning |
2017 |
SIGMOD |
0.00036859633 |
| 203 |
Learned Cardinalities: Estimating Correlated Joins with Deep Learning |
2019 |
CIDR |
0.00034868567 |
| 329 |
Neo: A Learned Query Optimizer |
2019 |
VLDB |
0.00027301488 |
| 373 |
Selectivity Estimation using Probabilistic Models |
2001 |
SIGMOD |
0.00025354685 |
| 512 |
STHoles: A Multidimensional Workload-Aware Histogram |
2001 |
SIGMOD |
0.00021385343 |
| 606 |
DeepDB: Learn from Data, not from Queries! |
2020 |
VLDB |
0.00019251186 |
| 752 |
Deep Unsupervised Cardinality Estimation |
2020 |
VLDB |
0.00017138049 |
| 838 |
Independence is Good: Dependency-Based Histogram Synopses for High-Dimensional Data |
2001 |
SIGMOD |
0.00016024923 |
| 905 |
NeuroCard: One Cardinality Estimator for All Tables |
2021 |
VLDB |
0.00015423174 |
| 995 |
Approximating Multi-Dimensional Aggregate Range Queries Over Real Attributes |
2000 |
SIGMOD |
0.00014745185 |
| 1,104 |
Cardinality Estimation Done Right: Index-Based Join Sampling |
2017 |
CIDR |
0.0001398479 |
| 1,239 |
Selectivity Estimation for Range Predicates using Lightweight Models |
2019 |
VLDB |
0.00013091459 |
| 1,372 |
Random Sampling over Joins Revisited |
2018 |
SIGMOD |
0.0001233325 |
| 1,464 |
Learning Multi-dimensional Indexes |
2020 |
SIGMOD |
0.0001184772 |
| 1,536 |
Lightweight Graphical Models for Selectivity Estimation Without Independence Assumptions |
2011 |
VLDB |
0.00011458359 |
| 1,699 |
Are We Ready For Learned Cardinality Estimation? |
2021 |
VLDB |
0.00010848882 |
| 2,080 |
Towards a Learning Optimizer for Shared Clouds |
2019 |
VLDB |
9.5954034e-05 |
| 2,167 |
Self-Tuning, GPU-Accelerated Kernel Density Models for Multidimensional Selectivity Estimation |
2015 |
SIGMOD |
9.3879598e-05 |
| 2,589 |
Database Learning: Toward a Database that Becomes Smarter Every Time |
2017 |
SIGMOD |
8.4868591e-05 |
| 2,971 |
Estimating Join Selectivities using Bandwidth-Optimized Kernel Density Models |
2017 |
VLDB |
7.7935535e-05 |
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