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Flow-Loss: Learning Cardinality Estimates That Matter

Summary: Flow-Loss, a cardinality loss that directly optimizes the optimizer’s cost via a flow-routing plan graph. On the Cardinality Estimation Benchmark, it reduces plan costs and 99th-percentile runtimes on unseen templates, achieving 4–8x gains and better generalization than Q-Error models. (summarized by gpt-5-nano on Feb 09 2026)

Paper ID
12382
Venue
VLDB
Year
2021
Pagerank
8.1293383e-05
Overall Rank
2,783 | 80.65%
DOI
10.14778/3476249.3476259

Incoming Non-self Citations Over Time

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Incoming Citations (Sorted by Pagerank)

Showing 50 of 53 citing papers.

Rank Citing Paper Year Venue Pagerank
1,638 Cardinality Estimation in DBMS: A Comprehensive Benchmark Evaluation 2022 VLDB 0.00011049779
3,266 Learned Cardinality Estimation: An In-depth Study 2022 SIGMOD 7.3074684e-05
3,499 Fauce: Fast and Accurate Deep Ensembles with Uncertainty for Cardinality Estimation 2021 VLDB 7.0376445e-05
3,990 FactorJoin: A New Cardinality Estimation Framework for Join Queries 2023 SIGMOD 6.5581983e-05
4,417 Robust Query Driven Cardinality Estimation under Changing Workloads 2023 VLDB 6.2037371e-05
5,334 LEON: A New Framework for ML-Aided Query Optimization 2023 VLDB 5.5649836e-05
5,368 Fine-Grained Modeling and Optimization for Intelligent Resource Management in Big Data Processing 2022 VLDB 5.5457532e-05
5,401 ALECE: An Attention-based Learned Cardinality Estimator for SPJ Queries on Dynamic Workloads 2024 VLDB 5.5285035e-05
5,423 Kepler: Robust Learning for Faster Parametric Query Optimization 2023 SIGMOD 5.5130233e-05
5,633 Analyzing the Impact of Cardinality Estimation on Execution Plans in Microsoft SQL Server 2023 VLDB 5.4011156e-05
5,640 AutoSteer: Learned Query Optimization for Any SQL Database 2023 VLDB 5.3933314e-05
5,972 SafeBound: A Practical System for Generating Cardinality Bounds 2023 SIGMOD 5.2474768e-05
6,297 Towards instance-optimized data systems 2021 VLDB 5.1227886e-05
6,383 Sample-Efficient Cardinality Estimation Using Geometric Deep Learning 2024 VLDB 5.0884322e-05
6,775 A Unified Transferable Model for ML-Enhanced DBMS 2022 CIDR 4.9299192e-05
7,123 ASM: Harmonizing Autoregressive Model, Sampling, and Multi-dimensional Statistics Merging for Cardinality Estimation 2024 SIGMOD 4.8251036e-05
7,221 Speeding Up End-to-end Query Execution via Learning-based Progressive Cardinality Estimation 2023 SIGMOD 4.797194e-05
7,467 Yannakakis+: Practical Acyclic Query Evaluation with Theoretical Guarantees 2025 SIGMOD 4.7218691e-05
7,655 Machine Learning for Cloud Data Systems: the Progress so far and the Path Forward 2021 VLDB 4.6872456e-05
7,854 dbET: Execution Time Distribution-based Plan Selection 2023 SIGMOD 4.6350172e-05
8,186 E2ETune: End-to-End Knob Tuning via Fine-tuned Generative Language Model 2025 VLDB 4.5651684e-05
8,220 PerfGuard: Deploying ML-for-Systems without Performance Regressions, Almost! 2021 VLDB 4.5557328e-05
8,617 A Spark Optimizer for Adaptive, Fine-Grained Parameter Tuning 2024 VLDB 4.4846425e-05
8,659 Learned Offline Query Planning via Bayesian Optimization 2025 SIGMOD 4.4722928e-05
8,718 Parachute: Single-Pass Bi-Directional Information Passing 2025 VLDB 4.4612599e-05
9,317 Are Joins over LSM-trees Ready? Take RocksDB as an Example 2025 VLDB 4.3556432e-05
9,345 LIMAO: A Framework for Lifelong Modular Learned Query Optimization 2025 VLDB 4.3536343e-05
9,485 Spatial Query Optimization With Learning 2024 VLDB 4.3341665e-05
9,587 Low Rank Learning for Offline Query Optimization 2025 SIGMOD 4.3215645e-05
9,628 Approximate Sketches 2024 SIGMOD 4.3143499e-05
9,747 Still Asking: How Good Are Query Optimizers, Really? 2025 VLDB 4.2897489e-05
9,812 A Practical Theory of Generalization in Selectivity Learning 2025 VLDB 4.2783272e-05
9,825 Athena: An Effective Learning-based Framework for Query Optimizer Performance Improvement 2025 SIGMOD 4.2751057e-05
9,852 Machine Unlearning in Learned Databases: An Experimental Analysis 2024 SIGMOD 4.2714575e-05
9,869 Turbo-Charging SPJ Query Plans with Learned Physical Join Operator Selections 2022 VLDB 4.2675361e-05
9,917 Check Out the Big Brain on BRAD: Simplifying Cloud Data Processing with Learned Automated Data Meshes 2023 VLDB 4.2561557e-05
9,957 How to Optimize SQL Queries? A Comparison Between Split, Holistic, and Hybrid Approaches 2025 VLDB 4.2373024e-05
9,960 An Elephant Under The Microscope: Analyzing The Interaction Of Optimizer Components In PostgreSQL 2025 SIGMOD 4.2294678e-05
10,049 Approximate Query Processing under Updates 2026 SIGMOD 4.1945683e-05
10,112 SEFRQO: A Self-Evolving Fine-Tuned RAG-Based Query Optimizer 2026 SIGMOD 4.1945683e-05
10,203 Reqo: A Comprehensive Learning-Based Cost Model for Robust and Explainable Query Optimization 2026 SIGMOD 4.1945683e-05
10,219 Practical Parameterized Query Optimization via Efficient Plan Reuse and List-wise Ranking 2026 SIGMOD 4.1945683e-05
10,225 LIO: A lightweight and interpretable query optimizer based on an evolutionary forest 2026 VLDB 4.1945683e-05
10,227 Sample-based Distinct Cardinality Estimation for Multiple Attributes in Multi-Dataset Queries 2026 VLDB 4.1945683e-05
10,271 OBELISK: Efficient Offline Query Planning with Bayesian Optimization-Informed Language Model Reasoning 2026 VLDB 4.1945683e-05
10,288 TATA: An Efficient Framework for Task Transfer in Query Plan Representation 2026 VLDB 4.1945683e-05
10,619 Data-Agnostic Cardinality Learning from Imperfect Workloads 2025 VLDB 4.1945683e-05
10,627 Robust Plan Evaluation based on Approximate Probabilistic Machine Learning 2025 VLDB 4.1945683e-05
10,630 Conformal Prediction for Verifiable Learned Query Optimization 2025 VLDB 4.1945683e-05
10,859 Graph Transformers for Query Plan Representation: Potentials and Challenges 2025 VLDB 4.1945683e-05
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Outgoing Citations (Sorted by Pagerank)

Showing 28 of 28 cited papers.

Citations counted here include only citations to other VLDB/SIGMOD/CIDR/PODS papers in this database.

Rank Cited Paper Year Venue Pagerank
71 How Good Are Query Optimizers, Really? 2016 VLDB 0.00059038975
141 Selectivity Estimation Without the Attribute Value Independence Assumption 1997 VLDB 0.00041786333
204 Learned Cardinalities: Estimating Correlated Joins with Deep Learning 2019 CIDR 0.00034784455
222 Wavelet-Based Histograms for Selectivity Estimation 1998 SIGMOD 0.00032828302
333 Neo: A Learned Query Optimizer 2019 VLDB 0.00027206884
372 Selectivity Estimation using Probabilistic Models 2001 SIGMOD 0.00025354779
512 STHoles: A Multidimensional Workload-Aware Histogram 2001 SIGMOD 0.00021380733
608 DeepDB: Learn from Data, not from Queries! 2020 VLDB 0.00019235898
629 Preventing Bad Plans by Bounding the Impact of Cardinality Estimation Errors 2009 VLDB 0.00018942366
758 Deep Unsupervised Cardinality Estimation 2020 VLDB 0.0001706608
806 An End-to-End Learning-based Cost Estimator 2020 VLDB 0.00016434274
910 NeuroCard: One Cardinality Estimator for All Tables 2021 VLDB 0.00015423056
943 Wander Join: Online Aggregation via Random Walks 2016 SIGMOD 0.00015145883
1,105 Cardinality Estimation Done Right: Index-Based Join Sampling 2017 CIDR 0.00013990395
1,254 Selectivity Estimation for Range Predicates using Lightweight Models 2019 VLDB 0.00013027411
1,369 Random Sampling over Joins Revisited 2018 SIGMOD 0.00012339777
1,703 Are We Ready For Learned Cardinality Estimation? 2021 VLDB 0.00010836769
1,737 QuickSel: Quick Selectivity Learning with Mixture Models 2020 SIGMOD 0.00010720294
2,083 Towards a Learning Optimizer for Shared Clouds 2019 VLDB 9.5834572e-05
2,142 Pessimistic Cardinality Estimation: Tighter Upper Bounds for Intermediate Join Cardinalities 2019 SIGMOD 9.4507296e-05
2,219 SkinnerDB: Regret-Bounded Query Evaluation via Reinforcement Learning 2019 SIGMOD 9.2623533e-05
2,364 Deep Learning Models for Selectivity Estimation of Multi-Attribute Queries 2020 SIGMOD 8.9554751e-05
2,969 Estimating Join Selectivities using Bandwidth-Optimized Kernel Density Models 2017 VLDB 7.7974762e-05
3,511 Accurate Summary-based Cardinality Estimation Through the Lens of Cardinality Estimation Graphs 2022 VLDB 7.0254052e-05
3,658 Towards a Hands-Free Query Optimizer through Deep Learning 2019 CIDR 6.8704209e-05
3,725 Estimating Cardinalities with Deep Sketches 2019 SIGMOD 6.8170734e-05
3,954 Efficiently Approximating Selectivity Functions using Low Overhead Regression Models 2020 VLDB 6.5926838e-05
4,523 Simplicity Done Right for Join Ordering 2021 CIDR 6.1135504e-05
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3,449 Learned Cardinality Estimation: A Design Space Exploration and A Comparative Evaluation 2022 VLDB 7.0824319e-05
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9,728 SPACE: Cardinality Estimation for Path Queries Using Cardinality-Aware Sequence-based Learning 2025 SIGMOD 4.2942813e-05
7,221 Speeding Up End-to-end Query Execution via Learning-based Progressive Cardinality Estimation 2023 SIGMOD 4.797194e-05
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