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The Case for Learned Index Structures

Summary: Indexes treated as models; learned indexes proposed as replacements for B-Tree, Hash, and Bitmap indexes. The paper analyzes theoretical conditions under which learned indexes outperform traditional ones and reports initial results, signaling ML-driven data management as a design paradigm. (summarized by gpt-5-nano on Feb 09 2026)

Paper ID
h951df9242ad9178d
Venue
SIGMOD
Year
2018
Pagerank
0.00046284649
Overall Rank
40 | 99.74%
DOI
10.1145/3183713.3196909

Incoming Non-self Citations Over Time

Authors

BibTeX Citation

@inproceedings{kraska_sigmod18,
        title = {{The Case for Learned Index Structures}},
        author = {Kraska, Tim and Beutel, Alex and Chi, Ed H. and Dean, Jeffrey and Polyzotis, Neoklis},
        series = {{SIGMOD} '18},
        booktitle = {Proceedings of the {ACM} {SIGMOD} International Conference on Management of Data},
        publisher = {Association for Computing Machinery},
        doi = {10.1145/3183713.3196909},
        url = {https://dl.acm.org/doi/10.1145/3183713.3196909},
        year = {2018}
}

Incoming Citations (Sorted by Pagerank)

Showing 50 of 219 citing papers.

Rank Citing Paper Year Venue Pagerank
6,821 Making In-Memory Learned Indexes Efficient on Disk 2024 SIGMOD 5.6720444e-05
6,863 Accelerating String-key Learned Index Structures via Memoization-based Incremental Training 2024 VLDB 5.6607844e-05
6,877 Evaluating Persistent Memory Range Indexes: Part Two 2022 VLDB 5.6581603e-05
6,940 The Past, Present and Future of Indexing on Persistent Memory 2022 VLDB 5.63864e-05
7,018 SALI: A Scalable Adaptive Learned Index Framework based on Probability Models 2023 SIGMOD 5.619958e-05
7,154 Adaptive Hybrid Indexes 2022 SIGMOD 5.597934e-05
7,184 Building Fast and Compact Sketches for Approximately Multi-Set Multi-Membership Querying 2021 SIGMOD 5.5913067e-05
7,322 LIDER: An Efficient High-dimensional Learned Index for Large-scale Dense Passage Retrieval 2023 VLDB 5.5533524e-05
7,358 Optimizing Collections of Bloom Filters within a Space Budget 2024 VLDB 5.5431911e-05
7,363 PerfGuard: Deploying ML-for-Systems without Performance Regressions, Almost! 2021 VLDB 5.5418564e-05
7,372 LITS: An Optimized Learned Index for Strings 2024 VLDB 5.5403496e-05
7,385 Towards Foundation Database Models 2025 CIDR 5.5385053e-05
7,395 LiteHST: A Tree Embedding based Method for Similarity Search 2023 SIGMOD 5.5370691e-05
7,410 POLAR: Adaptive and Non-invasive Join Order Selection via Plans of Least Resistance 2024 VLDB 5.5342768e-05
7,531 Time Series Representation for Visualization in Apache IoTDB 2024 SIGMOD 5.5008425e-05
7,535 Hyper: A High-Performance and Memory-Efficient Learned Index via Hybrid Construction 2024 SIGMOD 5.5003117e-05
7,598 SageDB: An Instance-Optimized Data Analytics System 2022 VLDB 5.4871733e-05
7,710 The next 50 Years in Database Indexing or: The Case for Automatically Generated Index Structures 2022 VLDB 5.4713723e-05
7,726 A Progress Report on DBOS: A Database-oriented Operating System 2022 CIDR 5.4663429e-05
7,806 Machine Learning for Cloud Data Systems: the Progress so far and the Path Forward 2021 VLDB 5.4500623e-05
7,822 Bespoke OLAP: Synthesizing Workload-Specific One-size-fits-one Database Engines 2026 VLDB 5.4461624e-05
7,864 Blueprinting the Cloud: Unifying and Automatically Optimizing Cloud Data Infrastructures with BRAD 2024 VLDB 5.4367919e-05
7,905 CAMAL: Optimizing LSM-trees via Active Learning 2024 SIGMOD 5.4291824e-05
7,940 Aleph Filter: To Infinity in Constant Time 2024 VLDB 5.4219572e-05
8,132 Diva: Dynamic Range Filter for Var-Length Keys and Queries 2025 VLDB 5.3931086e-05
8,179 Towards Designing and Learning Piecewise Space-Filling Curves 2023 VLDB 5.3826446e-05
8,196 WISK: A Workload-aware Learned Index for Spatial Keyword Queries 2023 SIGMOD 5.3794981e-05
8,199 Sieve: A Learned Data-Skipping Index for Data Analytics 2023 VLDB 5.3788727e-05
8,200 Algorithmic Complexity Attacks on Dynamic Learned Indexes 2024 VLDB 5.3787447e-05
8,276 Consistent and Flexible Selectivity Estimation for High-Dimensional Data 2021 SIGMOD 5.3641556e-05
8,352 Towards Building Autonomous Data Services on Azure 2023 SIGMOD 5.3488341e-05
8,369 Waffle: A Workload-Aware and Query-Sensitive Framework for Disk-Based Spatial Indexing 2023 VLDB 5.3450708e-05
8,378 Tuning Hierarchical Learned Indexes on Disk and Beyond 2022 SIGMOD 5.3433888e-05
8,385 NeurDB: On the Design and Implementation of an AI-powered Autonomous Database 2025 CIDR 5.3420959e-05
8,403 The Case for Learned In-Memory Joins 2023 VLDB 5.3389852e-05
8,418 Femur: A Flexible Framework for Fast and Secure Querying from Public Key-Value Store 2025 SIGMOD 5.3350162e-05
8,480 Deep Learning: Systems and Responsibility 2021 SIGMOD 5.333141e-05
8,532 AirIndex: Versatile Index Tuning Through Data and Storage 2023 SIGMOD 5.3217474e-05
8,533 Cabin: a Compressed Adaptive Binned Scan Index 2024 SIGMOD 5.3215439e-05
8,620 Limousine: Blending Learned and Classical Indexes to Self-Design Larger-than-Memory Cloud Storage Engines 2024 SIGMOD 5.301557e-05
8,749 Optimizing Video Selection LIMIT Queries With Commonsense Knowledge 2024 VLDB 5.2852539e-05
8,753 A New Paradigm in Tuning Learned Indexes: A Reinforcement Learning Enhanced Approach 2025 SIGMOD 5.2846898e-05
8,873 Why Are Learned Indexes So Effective but Sometimes Ineffective? 2025 VLDB 5.2582842e-05
8,946 HAP: An Efficient Hamming Space Index Based on Augmented Pigeonhole Principle 2022 SIGMOD 5.2532874e-05
8,947 Machine Unlearning in Learned Databases: An Experimental Analysis 2024 SIGMOD 5.2532248e-05
9,003 Entropy-Learned Hashing: Constant Time Hashing with Controllable Uniformity 2022 SIGMOD 5.2392472e-05
9,115 Check Out the Big Brain on BRAD: Simplifying Cloud Data Processing with Learned Automated Data Meshes 2023 VLDB 5.2271833e-05
9,145 One Seed, Two Birds: A Unified Learned Structure for Exact and Approximate Counting 2024 SIGMOD 5.220115e-05
9,149 Towards Systematic Index Dynamization 2024 VLDB 5.2186338e-05
9,302 VIP Hashing - Adapting to Skew in Popularity of Data on the Fly 2022 VLDB 5.1979758e-05
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Outgoing Citations (Sorted by Pagerank)

Showing 18 of 18 cited papers.

Citations counted here include only citations to other VLDB/SIGMOD/CIDR/PODS papers in this database.

Rank Cited Paper Year Venue Pagerank
34 The Design Of Postgres 1986 SIGMOD 0.00049142315
59 Differential Files: Their Application To The Maintenance Of Large Data Bases 1976 SIGMOD 0.00039605949
69 Making B+-Trees Cache Conscious in Main Memory 2000 SIGMOD 0.00037950385
216 Small Materialized Aggregates: A Light Weight Index Structure for Data Warehousing 1998 VLDB 0.00024485024
229 A Study of Index Structures for Main Memory Database Management Systems 1986 VLDB 0.00023911856
282 FAST: Fast Architecture Sensitive Tree Search on Modern CPUs and GPUs 2010 SIGMOD 0.00022264207
647 Building a Database on S3 2008 SIGMOD 0.00015208434
954 RDF-3X: a RISC-style Engine for RDF 2008 VLDB 0.00012867202
971 Reducing the Storage Overhead of Main-Memory OLTP Databases with Hybrid Indexes 2016 SIGMOD 0.00012766019
1,117 Adaptive Range Filters for Cold Data: Avoiding Trips to Siberia 2013 VLDB 0.00011953704
1,283 A Seven-Dimensional Analysis of Hashing Methods and its Implications on Query Processing 2016 VLDB 0.00011209209
1,339 The End of a Myth: Distributed Transactions Can Scale 2017 VLDB 0.00010975458
1,444 An Architecture for Compiling UDF-centric Workflows 2015 VLDB 0.0001063181
1,510 BF-Tree: Approximate Tree Indexing 2014 VLDB 0.00010438563
1,638 SCADS: Scale-Independent Storage for Social Computing Applications 2009 CIDR 0.00010012154
3,375 A Hybrid B+-tree as Solution for In-Memory Indexing on CPU-GPU Heterogeneous Computing Platforms 2016 SIGMOD 7.3608441e-05
3,597 Two Birds, One Stone: A Fast, yet Lightweight, Indexing Scheme for Modern Database Systems 2017 VLDB 7.1788912e-05
4,955 The Wavelet Trie: Maintaining an Indexed Sequence of Strings in Compressed Space 2012 PODS 6.3406617e-05
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