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Making In-Memory Learned Indexes Efficient on Disk

Summary: Shows how to adapt in-memory learned indexes to disk via six generic transformations/optimizations tailored to storage behavior. The resulting indexes Pareto-dominate B+trees and prior disk learned indexes in throughput and space efficiency. (summarized by gpt-5.4-mini on May 24 2026)

Paper ID
h5331e06785d62d6a
Venue
SIGMOD
Year
2024
Pagerank
5.7326443e-05
Overall Rank
6,613 | 55.56%
DOI
10.1145/3654954

Incoming Non-self Citations Over Time

Authors

BibTeX Citation

@inproceedings{zhang_sigmod24,
        title = {{Making In-Memory Learned Indexes Efficient on Disk}},
        author = {Zhang, Jiaoyi and Su, Kai and Zhang, Huanchen},
        series = {{SIGMOD} '24},
        booktitle = {Proceedings of the {ACM} {SIGMOD} International Conference on Management of Data},
        publisher = {Association for Computing Machinery},
        doi = {10.1145/3654954},
        url = {https://dl.acm.org/doi/10.1145/3654954},
        year = {2024}
}

Incoming Citations (Sorted by Pagerank)

Showing 10 of 10 citing papers.

Rank Citing Paper Year Venue Pagerank
8,427 Femur: A Flexible Framework for Fast and Secure Querying from Public Key-Value Store 2025 SIGMOD 5.3324907e-05
8,882 Why Are Learned Indexes So Effective but Sometimes Ineffective? 2025 VLDB 5.255795e-05
9,782 Understanding Robustness Issues of Updatable Learned Indexes: [Experiments & Analysis] 2026 SIGMOD 5.129066e-05
10,307 DobLIX: A Dual-Objective Learned Index for Log-Structured Merge Trees 2025 VLDB 5.0392037e-05
10,350 Replace or Augment: Rethinking the Role of Learned Indexes in Relational Databases 2027 VLDB 4.9769913e-05
10,500 On Self-Designing Learned Indexes 2026 SIGMOD 4.9769913e-05
10,659 HIRE: A Hybrid Learned Index for Robust and Efficient Performance under Mixed Workloads 2026 SIGMOD 4.9769913e-05
11,131 VEGA: An Active-tuning Learned Index with Group-Wise Learning Granularity 2025 SIGMOD 4.9769913e-05
11,245 FB+-tree: A Memory-Optimized B+-tree with Latch-Free Update 2025 VLDB 4.9769913e-05
11,542 Enabling Adaptive Sampling for Intra-Window Join: Simultaneously Optimizing Quantity and Quality 2024 SIGMOD 4.9769913e-05
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Outgoing Citations (Sorted by Pagerank)

Showing 25 of 25 cited papers.

Citations counted here include only citations to other VLDB/SIGMOD/CIDR/PODS papers in this database.

Rank Cited Paper Year Venue Pagerank
40 The Case for Learned Index Structures 2018 SIGMOD 0.00046363107
61 Integrating Compression and Execution in Column-Oriented Database Systems 2006 SIGMOD 0.00039236924
422 ALEX: An Updatable Adaptive Learned Index 2020 SIGMOD 0.00018488849
458 The PGM-index: a fully-dynamic compressed learned index with provable worst-case bounds 2020 VLDB 0.00017880664
768 FITing-Tree: A Data-aware Index Structure 2019 SIGMOD 0.00014107655
835 Benchmarking Learned Indexes 2021 VLDB 0.00013575971
869 Learning Multi-dimensional Indexes 2020 SIGMOD 0.00013363241
960 Reducing the Storage Overhead of Main-Memory OLTP Databases with Hybrid Indexes 2016 SIGMOD 0.0001283613
1,188 Tsunami: A Learned Multi-dimensional Index for Correlated Data and Skewed Workloads 2021 VLDB 0.00011598149
1,440 LISA: A Learned Index Structure for Spatial Data 2020 SIGMOD 0.00010638444
1,525 Updatable Learned Index with Precise Positions 2021 VLDB 0.00010355133
1,877 Effectively Learning Spatial Indices 2020 VLDB 9.4498401e-05
2,270 FINEdex: A Fine-grained Learned Index Scheme for Scalable and Concurrent Memory Systems 2022 VLDB 8.7166469e-05
2,582 Are Updatable Learned Indexes Ready? 2022 VLDB 8.2641447e-05
2,861 APEX: A High-Performance Learned Index on Persistent Memory 2022 VLDB 7.9295281e-05
2,875 Exploiting Directly-Attached NVMe Arrays in DBMS 2020 CIDR 7.916817e-05
3,198 CDFShop: Exploring and Optimizing Learned Index Structures 2020 SIGMOD 7.5422544e-05
3,621 Learned Index: A Comprehensive Experimental Evaluation 2023 VLDB 7.1510804e-05
3,710 CARMI: A Cache-Aware Learned Index with a Cost-based Construction Algorithm 2022 VLDB 7.0775695e-05
3,827 ScaleStore: A Fast and Cost-Efficient Storage Engine using DRAM, NVMe, and RDMA 2022 SIGMOD 6.9972263e-05
4,155 LeCo: Lightweight Compression via Learning Serial Correlations 2024 SIGMOD 6.7730383e-05
4,362 NFL: Robust Learned Index via Distribution Transformation 2022 VLDB 6.6357559e-05
4,635 PLIN: A Persistent Learned Index for Non-Volatile Memory with High Performance and Instant Recovery 2023 VLDB 6.4904555e-05
5,378 Updatable Learned Indexes Meet Disk-Resident DBMS - From Evaluations to Design Choices 2023 SIGMOD 6.1551053e-05
5,405 FILM: a Fully Learned Index for Larger-than-Memory Databases 2023 VLDB 6.1435108e-05
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