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Deep Unsupervised Cardinality Estimation

Summary: Deep autoregressive models for unsupervised cardinality estimation, no independence assumptions. Monte Carlo integration over autoregressors enables range queries across dimensions, delivering single-digit tail error and up to 90x gains vs baselines. (summarized by gpt-5-nano on Feb 09 2026)

Paper ID
12320
Venue
VLDB
Year
2020
Pagerank
0.00019092557
Overall Rank
401 | 97.26%
DOI
10.14778/3368289.3368294

Incoming Non-self Citations Over Time

Authors

BibTeX Citation

@article{yang_vldb20,
        title = {{Deep Unsupervised Cardinality Estimation}},
        author = {Yang, Zongheng and Liang, Eric and Kamsetty, Amog and Wu, Chenggang and Duan, Yan and Chen, Xi and Abbeel, Pieter and Hellerstein, Joseph M. and Krishnan, Sanjay and Stoica, Ion},
        journal = {PVLDB},
        series = {{VLDB} '20},
        volume = {13},
        number = {3},
        pages = {279--292},
        doi = {10.14778/3368289.3368294},
        url = {https://doi.org/10.14778/3368289.3368294},
        year = {2020}
}

Incoming Citations (Sorted by Pagerank)

Showing 50 of 103 citing papers.

Rank Citing Paper Year Venue Pagerank
323 DeepDB: Learn from Data, not from Queries! 2020 VLDB 0.00021264788
378 Bao: Making Learned Query Optimization Practical 2021 SIGMOD 0.00019638121
513 NeuroCard: One Cardinality Estimator for All Tables 2021 VLDB 0.00017190574
1,061 Are We Ready For Learned Cardinality Estimation? 2021 VLDB 0.00012369764
1,122 Cardinality Estimation in DBMS: A Comprehensive Benchmark Evaluation 2022 VLDB 0.0001209124
1,135 Qd-tree: Learning Data Layouts for Big Data Analytics 2020 SIGMOD 0.00012032847
1,241 Balsa: Learning a Query Optimizer Without Expert Demonstrations 2022 SIGMOD 0.00011521639
1,551 Updatable Learned Index with Precise Positions 2021 VLDB 0.00010381398
1,573 Deep Learning Models for Selectivity Estimation of Multi-Attribute Queries 2020 SIGMOD 0.00010328171
1,876 Flow-Loss: Learning Cardinality Estimates That Matter 2021 VLDB 9.5717543e-05
1,988 FLAT: Fast, Lightweight and Accurate Method for Cardinality Estimation 2021 VLDB 9.3501502e-05
2,420 Lero: A Learning-to-Rank Query Optimizer 2023 VLDB 8.605257e-05
2,452 A Learned Query Rewrite System using Monte Carlo Tree Search 2022 VLDB 8.5584e-05
2,543 Learned Cardinality Estimation: An In-depth Study 2022 SIGMOD 8.4445934e-05
2,620 Fauce: Fast and Accurate Deep Ensembles with Uncertainty for Cardinality Estimation 2021 VLDB 8.3363963e-05
2,723 Learned Cardinality Estimation: A Design Space Exploration and A Comparative Evaluation 2022 VLDB 8.2049453e-05
2,731 Neural Subgraph Counting with Wasserstein Estimator 2022 SIGMOD 8.1959181e-05
2,762 Cost-based or Learning-based? A Hybrid Query Optimizer for Query Plan Selection 2022 VLDB 8.1539867e-05
2,888 AI Meets Database: AI4DB and DB4AI 2021 SIGMOD 7.9941489e-05
2,991 FactorJoin: A New Cardinality Estimation Framework for Join Queries 2023 SIGMOD 7.8880723e-05
3,035 Instance-Optimized Data Layouts for Cloud Analytics Workloads 2021 SIGMOD 7.8297746e-05
3,086 A Unified Deep Model of Learning from both Data and Queries for Cardinality Estimation 2021 SIGMOD 7.7708642e-05
3,162 Efficiently Approximating Selectivity Functions using Low Overhead Regression Models 2020 VLDB 7.6785856e-05
3,228 Correlation Sketches for Approximate Join-Correlation Queries 2021 SIGMOD 7.6215176e-05
3,283 A Learned Sketch for Subgraph Counting 2021 SIGMOD 7.56675e-05
3,338 Robust Query Driven Cardinality Estimation under Changing Workloads 2023 VLDB 7.5068221e-05
3,545 Astrid: Accurate Selectivity Estimation for String Predicates using Deep Learning 2021 VLDB 7.3249967e-05
3,662 openGauss: An Autonomous Database System 2021 VLDB 7.2166682e-05
3,688 FACE: A Normalizing Flow based Cardinality Estimator 2022 VLDB 7.201795e-05
3,809 Auto-WLM: Machine Learning Enhanced Workload Management in Amazon Redshift 2023 SIGMOD 7.1074195e-05
3,961 MB2: Decomposed Behavior Modeling for Self-Driving Database Management Systems 2021 SIGMOD 6.987575e-05
4,011 Towards Dynamic and Safe Configuration Tuning for Cloud Databases 2022 SIGMOD 6.959982e-05
4,073 Stable Learned Bloom Filters for Data Streams 2020 VLDB 6.9242783e-05
4,349 ALECE: An Attention-based Learned Cardinality Estimator for SPJ Queries on Dynamic Workloads 2024 VLDB 6.7504619e-05
4,368 Lightweight and Accurate Cardinality Estimation by Neural Network Gaussian Process 2022 SIGMOD 6.7393882e-05
4,468 One Model to Rule them All: Towards Zero-Shot Learning for Databases 2022 CIDR 6.6819041e-05
4,470 Kepler: Robust Learning for Faster Parametric Query Optimization 2023 SIGMOD 6.6817353e-05
4,612 Warper: Efficiently Adapting Learned Cardinality Estimators to Data and Workload Drifts 2022 SIGMOD 6.6072026e-05
4,617 Learned Cardinality Estimation for Similarity Queries 2021 SIGMOD 6.604437e-05
5,059 Steering Query Optimizers: A Practical Take on Big Data Workloads 2021 SIGMOD 6.3807509e-05
5,105 SAM: Database Generation from Query Workloads with Supervised Autoregressive Models 2022 SIGMOD 6.3628539e-05
5,213 Spitz: A Verifiable Database System 2020 VLDB 6.3143934e-05
5,340 Machine Learning for Databases 2021 VLDB 6.2603359e-05
5,388 Fine-Grained Modeling and Optimization for Intelligent Resource Management in Big Data Processing 2022 VLDB 6.2362811e-05
5,529 Debunking the Myth of Join Ordering: Toward Robust SQL Analytics 2025 SIGMOD 6.18591e-05
5,712 Sample-Efficient Cardinality Estimation Using Geometric Deep Learning 2024 VLDB 6.1123894e-05
5,792 Pre-training Summarization Models of Structured Datasets for Cardinality Estimation 2022 VLDB 6.0871213e-05
5,974 Towards instance-optimized data systems 2021 VLDB 6.0230488e-05
6,024 Expand your Training Limits! Generating Training Data for ML-based Data Management 2021 SIGMOD 6.0031118e-05
6,088 How Good are Learned Cost Models, Really? Insights from Query Optimization Tasks 2025 SIGMOD 5.9813965e-05
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Outgoing Citations (Sorted by Pagerank)

Showing 21 of 21 cited papers.

Citations counted here include only citations to other VLDB/SIGMOD/CIDR/PODS papers in this database.

Rank Cited Paper Year Venue Pagerank
1 Access Path Selection in a Relational Database Management System 1979 SIGMOD 0.0024089429
18 How Good Are Query Optimizers, Really? 2016 VLDB 0.00059284255
35 Improved Histograms for Selectivity Estimation of Range Predicates 1996 SIGMOD 0.00048481081
54 On Random Sampling over Joins 1999 SIGMOD 0.00040810225
84 Learned Cardinalities: Estimating Correlated Joins with Deep Learning 2019 CIDR 0.00035838391
100 LEO - DB2's LEarning Optimizer 2001 VLDB 0.00034385207
101 Selectivity Estimation Without the Attribute Value Independence Assumption 1997 VLDB 0.00034376651
154 Neo: A Learned Query Optimizer 2019 VLDB 0.00028726181
222 Adaptive Selectivity Estimation Using Query Feedback 1994 SIGMOD 0.00024193708
280 Selectivity Estimation using Probabilistic Models 2001 SIGMOD 0.00022454217
365 STHoles: A Multidimensional Workload-Aware Histogram 2001 SIGMOD 0.00020041735
692 Independence is Good: Dependency-Based Histogram Synopses for High-Dimensional Data 2001 SIGMOD 0.00014919816
694 Cardinality Estimation Done Right: Index-Based Join Sampling 2017 CIDR 0.00014911698
697 Selectivity Estimation for Range Predicates using Lightweight Models 2019 VLDB 0.00014888851
1,071 Lightweight Graphical Models for Selectivity Estimation Without Independence Assumptions 2011 VLDB 0.00012322342
1,093 Maximizing the Output Rate of Multi-Way Join Queries over Streaming Information Sources 2003 VLDB 0.00012218435
1,170 QuickSel: Quick Selectivity Learning with Mixture Models 2020 SIGMOD 0.00011827259
1,468 Towards a Learning Optimizer for Shared Clouds 2019 VLDB 0.00010686496
1,503 Self-Tuning, GPU-Accelerated Kernel Density Models for Multidimensional Selectivity Estimation 2015 SIGMOD 0.000105564
2,203 Estimating Join Selectivities using Bandwidth-Optimized Kernel Density Models 2017 VLDB 8.9610447e-05
7,388 Synopses for Query Optimization: A Space-Complexity Perspective 2004 PODS 5.6268292e-05
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