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NeuroCard: One Cardinality Estimator for All Tables

Summary: NeuroCard uses a single neural density estimator over the database to model join cardinalities, with no independence assumptions. Join sampling and autoregressive modeling achieve state-of-the-art accuracy; scalable to dozens of tables and compact to train. (summarized by gpt-5-nano on Feb 09 2026)

Paper ID
12580
Venue
VLDB
Year
2021
Pagerank
0.00015423174
Overall Rank
905 | 93.72%
DOI
10.14778/3421424.3421432

Incoming Non-self Citations Over Time

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Incoming Citations (Sorted by Pagerank)

Showing 40 of 90 citing papers.

Rank Citing Paper Year Venue Pagerank
8,219 PerfGuard: Deploying ML-for-Systems without Performance Regressions, Almost! 2021 VLDB 4.551524e-05
8,660 Learned Offline Query Planning via Bayesian Optimization 2025 SIGMOD 4.4680058e-05
8,695 Convolution and Cross-Correlation of Count Sketches Enables Fast Cardinality Estimation of Multi-Join Queries 2024 SIGMOD 4.461508e-05
8,834 ByteCard: Enhancing ByteDance’s Data Warehouse with Learned Cardinality Estimation 2024 SIGMOD 4.4351469e-05
8,952 One Seed, Two Birds: A Unified Learned Structure for Exact and Approximate Counting 2024 SIGMOD 4.4195459e-05
8,961 T3: Accurate and Fast Performance Prediction for Relational Database Systems With Compiled Decision Trees 2025 SIGMOD 4.4171776e-05
9,012 Hit the Gym: Accelerating Query Execution to Efficiently Bootstrap Behavior Models for Self-Driving Database Management Systems 2024 VLDB 4.4059413e-05
9,078 NeuroSketch: Fast and Approximate Evaluation of Range Aggregate Queries with Neural Networks 2023 SIGMOD 4.3959645e-05
9,215 PACE: Poisoning Attacks on Learned Cardinality Estimation 2024 SIGMOD 4.3679174e-05
9,322 Are Joins over LSM-trees Ready? Take RocksDB as an Example 2025 VLDB 4.351469e-05
9,350 LIMAO: A Framework for Lifelong Modular Learned Query Optimization 2025 VLDB 4.3494621e-05
9,628 Approximate Sketches 2024 SIGMOD 4.3102157e-05
9,662 Efficient Query Re-optimization with Judicious Subquery Selections 2023 SIGMOD 4.3056334e-05
9,690 Selectivity Estimation for Queries Containing Predicates over Set-Valued Attributes 2023 SIGMOD 4.2994116e-05
9,725 Cardinality Estimation of LIKE Predicate Queries using Deep Learning 2025 SIGMOD 4.290223e-05
9,746 Still Asking: How Good Are Query Optimizers, Really? 2025 VLDB 4.2856385e-05
9,811 A Practical Theory of Generalization in Selectivity Learning 2025 VLDB 4.2742278e-05
9,824 Athena: An Effective Learning-based Framework for Query Optimizer Performance Improvement 2025 SIGMOD 4.2710095e-05
9,841 Machine Unlearning in Learned Databases: An Experimental Analysis 2024 SIGMOD 4.2685233e-05
9,868 Turbo-Charging SPJ Query Plans with Learned Physical Join Operator Selections 2022 VLDB 4.2634472e-05
9,877 PRICE: A Pretrained Model for Cross-Database Cardinality Estimation 2025 VLDB 4.2615675e-05
9,959 An Elephant Under The Microscope: Analyzing The Interaction Of Optimizer Components In PostgreSQL 2025 SIGMOD 4.2254157e-05
10,018 GenJoin: Conditional Generative Plan-to-Plan Query Optimizer that Learns from Subplan Hints 2026 SIGMOD 4.1905499e-05
10,096 NeuSO: Neural Optimizer for Subgraph Queries 2026 SIGMOD 4.1905499e-05
10,149 CorrBound: Cardinality Estimation Accounting for Inter- and Intra-relation Correlations 2026 SIGMOD 4.1905499e-05
10,197 Qualitative Join Discovery in Data Lakes using Examples 2026 SIGMOD 4.1905499e-05
10,216 The Case For Language Model Approximated LIKE Predicate 2026 SIGMOD 4.1905499e-05
10,219 Practical Parameterized Query Optimization via Efficient Plan Reuse and List-wise Ranking 2026 SIGMOD 4.1905499e-05
10,271 OBELISK: Efficient Offline Query Planning with Bayesian Optimization-Informed Language Model Reasoning 2026 VLDB 4.1905499e-05
10,455 LpBound in Action: Cardinality Estimation with One-Sided Guarantees 2025 SIGMOD 4.1905499e-05
10,598 ACE: A Cardinality Estimator for Set-Valued Queries 2025 VLDB 4.1905499e-05
10,627 Data-Agnostic Cardinality Learning from Imperfect Workloads 2025 VLDB 4.1905499e-05
10,638 Conformal Prediction for Verifiable Learned Query Optimization 2025 VLDB 4.1905499e-05
10,731 Privacy-Enhanced Database Synthesis for Benchmark Publishing 2025 VLDB 4.1905499e-05
10,863 Graph Transformers for Query Plan Representation: Potentials and Challenges 2025 VLDB 4.1905499e-05
10,872 LEAP: A Low-cost Spark SQL Query Optimizer using Pairwise Comparison 2025 VLDB 4.1905499e-05
10,945 Sub-optimal Join Order Identification with L1-error 2024 SIGMOD 4.1905499e-05
11,192 Efficient and Effective Cardinality Estimation for Skyline Family 2023 SIGMOD 4.1905499e-05
11,196 A Step Toward Deep Online Aggregation 2023 SIGMOD 4.1905499e-05
11,456 XLJoins 2021 SIGMOD 4.1905499e-05
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Outgoing Citations (Sorted by Pagerank)

Showing 28 of 28 cited papers.

Citations counted here include only citations to other VLDB/SIGMOD/CIDR/PODS papers in this database.

Rank Cited Paper Year Venue Pagerank
1 Access Path Selection in a Relational Database Management System 1979 SIGMOD 0.0040465394
63 Improved Histograms for Selectivity Estimation of Range Predicates 1996 SIGMOD 0.00063595699
66 Spark SQL: Relational Data Processing in Spark 2015 SIGMOD 0.00061707583
71 How Good Are Query Optimizers, Really? 2016 VLDB 0.00059446482
101 The Case for Learned Index Structures 2018 SIGMOD 0.00049778866
121 Improved Query Performance with Variant Indexes 1997 SIGMOD 0.00045429472
141 Selectivity Estimation Without the Attribute Value Independence Assumption 1997 VLDB 0.00041819767
181 LEO - DB2's LEarning Optimizer 2001 VLDB 0.00036970794
203 Learned Cardinalities: Estimating Correlated Joins with Deep Learning 2019 CIDR 0.00034868567
329 Neo: A Learned Query Optimizer 2019 VLDB 0.00027301488
373 Selectivity Estimation using Probabilistic Models 2001 SIGMOD 0.00025354685
416 Approximate Query Processing Using Wavelets 2000 VLDB 0.00023773968
606 DeepDB: Learn from Data, not from Queries! 2020 VLDB 0.00019251186
752 Deep Unsupervised Cardinality Estimation 2020 VLDB 0.00017138049
804 An End-to-End Learning-based Cost Estimator 2020 VLDB 0.0001643674
838 Independence is Good: Dependency-Based Histogram Synopses for High-Dimensional Data 2001 SIGMOD 0.00016024923
941 Wander Join: Online Aggregation via Random Walks 2016 SIGMOD 0.00015147831
1,104 Cardinality Estimation Done Right: Index-Based Join Sampling 2017 CIDR 0.0001398479
1,239 Selectivity Estimation for Range Predicates using Lightweight Models 2019 VLDB 0.00013091459
1,372 Random Sampling over Joins Revisited 2018 SIGMOD 0.0001233325
1,536 Lightweight Graphical Models for Selectivity Estimation Without Independence Assumptions 2011 VLDB 0.00011458359
1,608 Qd-tree: Learning Data Layouts for Big Data Analytics 2020 SIGMOD 0.00011169837
1,727 QuickSel: Quick Selectivity Learning with Mixture Models 2020 SIGMOD 0.00010731889
2,080 Towards a Learning Optimizer for Shared Clouds 2019 VLDB 9.5954034e-05
2,167 Self-Tuning, GPU-Accelerated Kernel Density Models for Multidimensional Selectivity Estimation 2015 SIGMOD 9.3879598e-05
2,222 SkinnerDB: Regret-Bounded Query Evaluation via Reinforcement Learning 2019 SIGMOD 9.2598438e-05
2,868 Designing Succinct Secondary Indexing Mechanism by Exploiting Column Correlations 2019 SIGMOD 7.9856878e-05
2,971 Estimating Join Selectivities using Bandwidth-Optimized Kernel Density Models 2017 VLDB 7.7935535e-05
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