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CARMI: A Cache-Aware Learned Index with a Cost-based Construction Algorithm

Summary: CARMI exposes data partitioning as the key to practical learned indexes, using entropy and a cost model to automatically choose RMI structures and models. Its cache-aware design reduces memory accesses, delivering strong speedups with less memory than B+ trees and ALEX. (summarized by gpt-5.6-luna on Jul 24 2026)

Paper ID
h076ea56f58218860
Venue
VLDB
Year
2022
Pagerank
7.0541948e-05
Overall Rank
3,716 | 75.10%
DOI
10.14778/3551793.3551823
PDF
Download (CC BY-NC-ND 4.0)

Incoming Non-self Citations Over Time

Authors

BibTeX Citation

@article{zhang_vldb22,
        title = {{CARMI: A Cache-Aware Learned Index with a Cost-based Construction Algorithm}},
        author = {Zhang, Jiaoyi and Gao, Yihan},
        journal = {PVLDB},
        series = {{VLDB} '22},
        volume = {15},
        number = {11},
        pages = {2679--2691},
        doi = {10.14778/3551793.3551823},
        url = {https://doi.org/10.14778/3551793.3551823},
        year = {2022}
}

Incoming Citations (Sorted by Pagerank)

Showing 21 of 21 citing papers.

Rank Citing Paper Year Venue Pagerank
3,632 Learned Index: A Comprehensive Experimental Evaluation 2023 VLDB 7.1274345e-05
4,169 LeCo: Lightweight Compression via Learning Serial Correlations 2024 SIGMOD 6.7526687e-05
4,389 DILI: A Distribution-Driven Learned Index 2023 VLDB 6.6111249e-05
5,397 Updatable Learned Indexes Meet Disk-Resident DBMS - From Evaluations to Design Choices 2023 SIGMOD 6.1347527e-05
6,622 Making In-Memory Learned Indexes Efficient on Disk 2024 SIGMOD 5.7136886e-05
6,802 SALI: A Scalable Adaptive Learned Index Framework based on Probability Models 2023 SIGMOD 5.6623052e-05
6,889 Accelerating String-key Learned Index Structures via Memoization-based Incremental Training 2024 VLDB 5.6393954e-05
8,443 Femur: A Flexible Framework for Fast and Secure Querying from Public Key-Value Store 2025 SIGMOD 5.3148581e-05
8,782 A New Paradigm in Tuning Learned Indexes: A Reinforcement Learning Enhanced Approach 2025 SIGMOD 5.2647219e-05
8,903 Why Are Learned Indexes So Effective but Sometimes Ineffective? 2025 VLDB 5.238416e-05
10,222 SWIX: A Memory-efficient Sliding Window Learned Index 2024 SIGMOD 5.0460607e-05
10,335 DobLIX: A Dual-Objective Learned Index for Log-Structured Merge Trees 2025 VLDB 5.0225409e-05
10,417 Replace or Augment: Rethinking the Role of Learned Indexes in Relational Databases 2027 VLDB 4.9605343e-05
10,550 L3: A GPU-Native Co-Designed Data Format for Learned Lossless Lightweight Compression 2026 SIGMOD 4.9605343e-05
10,552 LINE: A Learned Index with Group-Enhanced Leaves and Cache-Optimized Inner Tree 2026 SIGMOD 4.9605343e-05
10,649 High Performance or Low Memory? An Updatable Learned Index Framework for Time-Space Tradeoff 2026 SIGMOD 4.9605343e-05
10,720 HIRE: A Hybrid Learned Index for Robust and Efficient Performance under Mixed Workloads 2026 SIGMOD 4.9605343e-05
10,728 LM-Tree: A Hybrid Learned Index for Similarity Search in Metric Spaces 2026 SIGMOD 4.9605343e-05
11,134 LiBox: A Learned Index as an Array to Minimize Last-Mile Search 2026 VLDB 4.9605343e-05
11,191 VEGA: An Active-tuning Learned Index with Group-Wise Learning Granularity 2025 SIGMOD 4.9605343e-05
11,633 Blitzcrank: Fast Semantic Compression for In-memory Online Transaction Processing 2024 VLDB 4.9605343e-05
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Outgoing Citations (Sorted by Pagerank)

Showing 21 of 21 cited papers.

Citations counted here include only citations to other VLDB/SIGMOD/CIDR/PODS papers in this database.

Rank Cited Paper Year Venue Pagerank
40 The Case for Learned Index Structures 2018 SIGMOD 0.00046249672
68 Making B+-Trees Cache Conscious in Main Memory 2000 SIGMOD 0.00037861537
84 Learned Cardinalities: Estimating Correlated Joins with Deep Learning 2019 CIDR 0.00035920657
209 Cache Conscious Indexing for Decision-Support in Main Memory 1999 VLDB 0.00024915373
230 A Study of Index Structures for Main Memory Database Management Systems 1986 VLDB 0.00023845485
280 FAST: Fast Architecture Sensitive Tree Search on Modern CPUs and GPUs 2010 SIGMOD 0.00022267903
427 ALEX: An Updatable Adaptive Learned Index 2020 SIGMOD 0.00018429918
461 The PGM-index: a fully-dynamic compressed learned index with provable worst-case bounds 2020 VLDB 0.00017835351
548 Improving Index Performance through Prefetching 2001 SIGMOD 0.00016534019
550 SageDB: A Learned Database System 2019 CIDR 0.00016525249
774 FITing-Tree: A Data-aware Index Structure 2019 SIGMOD 0.00014063511
834 Benchmarking Learned Indexes 2021 VLDB 0.00013539098
870 Learning Multi-dimensional Indexes 2020 SIGMOD 0.0001332034
964 Reducing the Storage Overhead of Main-Memory OLTP Databases with Hybrid Indexes 2016 SIGMOD 0.00012798312
1,190 Tsunami: A Learned Multi-dimensional Index for Correlated Data and Skewed Workloads 2021 VLDB 0.00011564169
1,445 LISA: A Learned Index Structure for Spatial Data 2020 SIGMOD 0.00010607118
1,529 Updatable Learned Index with Precise Positions 2021 VLDB 0.00010320909
1,884 Effectively Learning Spatial Indices 2020 VLDB 9.422145e-05
2,247 Efficiently Searching In-Memory Sorted Arrays: Revenge of the Interpolation Search? 2019 SIGMOD 8.7591557e-05
3,062 Towards a Hands-Free Query Optimizer through Deep Learning 2019 CIDR 7.6809918e-05
3,207 CDFShop: Exploring and Optimizing Learned Index Structures 2020 SIGMOD 7.5187675e-05
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