DBScholar

Back to papers

CARMI: A Cache-Aware Learned Index with a Cost-based Construction Algorithm

Summary: CARMI exposes data partitioning as the key to practical learned indexes, using entropy and a cost model to automatically choose RMI structures and models. Its cache-aware design reduces memory accesses, delivering strong speedups with less memory than B+ trees and ALEX. (summarized by gpt-5.6-luna on Jul 24 2026)

Paper ID
h076ea56f58218860
Venue
VLDB
Year
2022
Pagerank
7.0775695e-05
Overall Rank
3,710 | 75.07%
DOI
10.14778/3551793.3551823
PDF
Download (CC BY-NC-ND 4.0)

Incoming Non-self Citations Over Time

Authors

BibTeX Citation

@article{zhang_vldb22,
        title = {{CARMI: A Cache-Aware Learned Index with a Cost-based Construction Algorithm}},
        author = {Zhang, Jiaoyi and Gao, Yihan},
        journal = {PVLDB},
        series = {{VLDB} '22},
        volume = {15},
        number = {11},
        pages = {2679--2691},
        doi = {10.14778/3551793.3551823},
        url = {https://doi.org/10.14778/3551793.3551823},
        year = {2022}
}

Incoming Citations (Sorted by Pagerank)

Showing 21 of 21 citing papers.

Rank Citing Paper Year Venue Pagerank
3,621 Learned Index: A Comprehensive Experimental Evaluation 2023 VLDB 7.1510804e-05
4,155 LeCo: Lightweight Compression via Learning Serial Correlations 2024 SIGMOD 6.7730383e-05
4,366 DILI: A Distribution-Driven Learned Index 2023 VLDB 6.6330579e-05
5,378 Updatable Learned Indexes Meet Disk-Resident DBMS - From Evaluations to Design Choices 2023 SIGMOD 6.1551053e-05
6,613 Making In-Memory Learned Indexes Efficient on Disk 2024 SIGMOD 5.7326443e-05
6,787 SALI: A Scalable Adaptive Learned Index Framework based on Probability Models 2023 SIGMOD 5.6810904e-05
6,867 Accelerating String-key Learned Index Structures via Memoization-based Incremental Training 2024 VLDB 5.6581046e-05
8,427 Femur: A Flexible Framework for Fast and Secure Querying from Public Key-Value Store 2025 SIGMOD 5.3324907e-05
8,761 A New Paradigm in Tuning Learned Indexes: A Reinforcement Learning Enhanced Approach 2025 SIGMOD 5.2821881e-05
8,882 Why Are Learned Indexes So Effective but Sometimes Ineffective? 2025 VLDB 5.255795e-05
10,188 SWIX: A Memory-efficient Sliding Window Learned Index 2024 SIGMOD 5.0628015e-05
10,307 DobLIX: A Dual-Objective Learned Index for Log-Structured Merge Trees 2025 VLDB 5.0392037e-05
10,350 Replace or Augment: Rethinking the Role of Learned Indexes in Relational Databases 2027 VLDB 4.9769913e-05
10,484 L3: A GPU-Native Co-Designed Data Format for Learned Lossless Lightweight Compression 2026 SIGMOD 4.9769913e-05
10,486 LINE: A Learned Index with Group-Enhanced Leaves and Cache-Optimized Inner Tree 2026 SIGMOD 4.9769913e-05
10,586 High Performance or Low Memory? An Updatable Learned Index Framework for Time-Space Tradeoff 2026 SIGMOD 4.9769913e-05
10,659 HIRE: A Hybrid Learned Index for Robust and Efficient Performance under Mixed Workloads 2026 SIGMOD 4.9769913e-05
10,667 LM-Tree: A Hybrid Learned Index for Similarity Search in Metric Spaces 2026 SIGMOD 4.9769913e-05
11,073 LiBox: A Learned Index as an Array to Minimize Last-Mile Search 2026 VLDB 4.9769913e-05
11,131 VEGA: An Active-tuning Learned Index with Group-Wise Learning Granularity 2025 SIGMOD 4.9769913e-05
11,585 Blitzcrank: Fast Semantic Compression for In-memory Online Transaction Processing 2024 VLDB 4.9769913e-05
Previous Page 1 / 1 Next

Outgoing Citations (Sorted by Pagerank)

Showing 21 of 21 cited papers.

Citations counted here include only citations to other VLDB/SIGMOD/CIDR/PODS papers in this database.

Rank Cited Paper Year Venue Pagerank
40 The Case for Learned Index Structures 2018 SIGMOD 0.00046363107
68 Making B+-Trees Cache Conscious in Main Memory 2000 SIGMOD 0.00037957995
85 Learned Cardinalities: Estimating Correlated Joins with Deep Learning 2019 CIDR 0.00035876108
206 Cache Conscious Indexing for Decision-Support in Main Memory 1999 VLDB 0.00024981343
229 A Study of Index Structures for Main Memory Database Management Systems 1986 VLDB 0.00023915204
277 FAST: Fast Architecture Sensitive Tree Search on Modern CPUs and GPUs 2010 SIGMOD 0.00022320139
422 ALEX: An Updatable Adaptive Learned Index 2020 SIGMOD 0.00018488849
458 The PGM-index: a fully-dynamic compressed learned index with provable worst-case bounds 2020 VLDB 0.00017880664
547 Improving Index Performance through Prefetching 2001 SIGMOD 0.00016575635
555 SageDB: A Learned Database System 2019 CIDR 0.0001650754
768 FITing-Tree: A Data-aware Index Structure 2019 SIGMOD 0.00014107655
835 Benchmarking Learned Indexes 2021 VLDB 0.00013575971
869 Learning Multi-dimensional Indexes 2020 SIGMOD 0.00013363241
960 Reducing the Storage Overhead of Main-Memory OLTP Databases with Hybrid Indexes 2016 SIGMOD 0.0001283613
1,188 Tsunami: A Learned Multi-dimensional Index for Correlated Data and Skewed Workloads 2021 VLDB 0.00011598149
1,440 LISA: A Learned Index Structure for Spatial Data 2020 SIGMOD 0.00010638444
1,525 Updatable Learned Index with Precise Positions 2021 VLDB 0.00010355133
1,877 Effectively Learning Spatial Indices 2020 VLDB 9.4498401e-05
2,235 Efficiently Searching In-Memory Sorted Arrays: Revenge of the Interpolation Search? 2019 SIGMOD 8.787006e-05
3,057 Towards a Hands-Free Query Optimizer through Deep Learning 2019 CIDR 7.6960881e-05
3,198 CDFShop: Exploring and Optimizing Learned Index Structures 2020 SIGMOD 7.5422544e-05
Previous Page 1 / 1 Next

Semantically Similar Papers

# Overall Rank Paper Year Venue
1 10,500 On Self-Designing Learned Indexes 2026 SIGMOD
2 3,621 Learned Index: A Comprehensive Experimental Evaluation 2023 VLDB
3 10,667 LM-Tree: A Hybrid Learned Index for Similarity Search in Metric Spaces 2026 SIGMOD
4 10,486 LINE: A Learned Index with Group-Enhanced Leaves and Cache-Optimized Inner Tree 2026 SIGMOD
5 6,613 Making In-Memory Learned Indexes Efficient on Disk 2024 SIGMOD
6 6,867 Accelerating String-key Learned Index Structures via Memoization-based Incremental Training 2024 VLDB
7 9,154 One Seed, Two Birds: A Unified Learned Structure for Exact and Approximate Counting 2024 SIGMOD
8 4,715 Hist-Tree: Those Who Ignore It Are Doomed to Learn 2021 CIDR
9 835 Benchmarking Learned Indexes 2021 VLDB
10 6,267 A Critical Analysis of Recursive Model Indexes 2022 VLDB