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The Case for Learned Index Structures

Summary: Indexes treated as models; learned indexes proposed as replacements for B-Tree, Hash, and Bitmap indexes. The paper analyzes theoretical conditions under which learned indexes outperform traditional ones and reports initial results, signaling ML-driven data management as a design paradigm. (summarized by gpt-5-nano on Feb 09 2026)

Paper ID
h951df9242ad9178d
Venue
SIGMOD
Year
2018
Pagerank
0.00046249672
Overall Rank
40 | 99.74%
DOI
10.1145/3183713.3196909
PDF
Download (CC BY-NC-SA 4.0)

Incoming Non-self Citations Over Time

Authors

BibTeX Citation

@inproceedings{kraska_sigmod18,
        title = {{The Case for Learned Index Structures}},
        author = {Kraska, Tim and Beutel, Alex and Chi, Ed H. and Dean, Jeffrey and Polyzotis, Neoklis},
        series = {{SIGMOD} '18},
        booktitle = {Proceedings of the {ACM} {SIGMOD} International Conference on Management of Data},
        publisher = {Association for Computing Machinery},
        doi = {10.1145/3183713.3196909},
        url = {https://dl.acm.org/doi/10.1145/3183713.3196909},
        year = {2018}
}

Incoming Citations (Sorted by Pagerank)

Showing 50 of 220 citing papers.

Rank Citing Paper Year Venue Pagerank
3,632 Learned Index: A Comprehensive Experimental Evaluation 2023 VLDB 7.1274345e-05
3,679 Leaper: A Learned Prefetcher for Cache Invalidation in LSM-tree based Storage Engines 2020 VLDB 7.0849238e-05
3,709 Stable Learned Bloom Filters for Data Streams 2020 VLDB 7.0586477e-05
3,715 The Case for a Learned Sorting Algorithm 2020 SIGMOD 7.0549546e-05
3,716 CARMI: A Cache-Aware Learned Index with a Cost-based Construction Algorithm 2022 VLDB 7.0541948e-05
3,951 Deploying a Steered Query Optimizer in Production at Microsoft 2022 SIGMOD 6.8884038e-05
4,169 LeCo: Lightweight Compression via Learning Serial Correlations 2024 SIGMOD 6.7526687e-05
4,207 Proteus: A Self-Designing Range Filter 2022 SIGMOD 6.7226406e-05
4,302 A Method for Optimizing Opaque Filter Queries 2020 SIGMOD 6.6614501e-05
4,385 NFL: Robust Learned Index via Distribution Transformation 2022 VLDB 6.613814e-05
4,389 DILI: A Distribution-Driven Learned Index 2023 VLDB 6.6111249e-05
4,459 Warper: Efficiently Adapting Learned Cardinality Estimators to Data and Workload Drifts 2022 SIGMOD 6.5757572e-05
4,479 Lightweight and Accurate Cardinality Estimation by Neural Network Gaussian Process 2022 SIGMOD 6.5665703e-05
4,549 One Model to Rule them All: Towards Zero-Shot Learning for Databases 2022 CIDR 6.5328866e-05
4,621 The Price of Tailoring the Index to Your Data: Poisoning Attacks on Learned Index Structures 2022 SIGMOD 6.4828493e-05
4,646 Stacked Filters: Learning to Filter by Structure 2021 VLDB 6.4725846e-05
4,656 PLIN: A Persistent Learned Index for Non-Volatile Memory with High Performance and Instant Recovery 2023 VLDB 6.468994e-05
4,727 Hist-Tree: Those Who Ignore It Are Doomed to Learn 2021 CIDR 6.4327925e-05
4,771 GRF: A Global Range Filter for LSM-Trees with Shape Encoding 2024 SIGMOD 6.412225e-05
4,773 Cuckoo Index: A Lightweight Secondary Index Structure 2020 VLDB 6.4102054e-05
4,792 Learned Approximate Query Processing: Make it Light, Accurate and Fast 2021 CIDR 6.4010108e-05
4,797 LSched: A Workload-Aware Learned Query Scheduler for Analytical Database Systems 2022 SIGMOD 6.3978116e-05
4,833 Stage: Query Execution Time Prediction in Amazon Redshift 2024 SIGMOD 6.3834856e-05
4,879 The RLR-Tree: A Reinforcement Learning Based R-Tree for Spatial Data 2023 SIGMOD 6.3567479e-05
4,901 Oasis: An Optimal Disjoint Segmented Learned Range Filter 2024 VLDB 6.3483238e-05
4,915 Can Learned Models Replace Hash Functions? 2023 VLDB 6.3452789e-05
5,029 COMPASS: Online Sketch-based Query Optimization for In-Memory Databases 2021 SIGMOD 6.2952031e-05
5,065 Dissecting, Designing, and Optimizing LSM-based Data Stores 2022 SIGMOD 6.2789973e-05
5,082 InfiniFilter: Expanding Filters to Infinity and Beyond 2023 SIGMOD 6.2679091e-05
5,153 Monotonic Cardinality Estimation of Similarity Selection: A Deep Learning Approach 2020 SIGMOD 6.2375324e-05
5,361 Spitz: A Verifiable Database System 2020 VLDB 6.1497409e-05
5,397 Updatable Learned Indexes Meet Disk-Resident DBMS - From Evaluations to Design Choices 2023 SIGMOD 6.1347527e-05
5,421 FILM: a Fully Learned Index for Larger-than-Memory Databases 2023 VLDB 6.1231965e-05
5,522 Density-optimized Intersection-free Mapping and Matrix Multiplication for Join-Project Operations 2022 VLDB 6.0818991e-05
5,687 HMAB: Self-Driving Hierarchy of Bandits for Integrated Physical Database Design Tuning 2023 VLDB 6.0201937e-05
5,713 PilotScope: Steering Databases with Machine Learning Drivers 2024 VLDB 6.0090633e-05
5,728 Detect, Distill and Update: Learned DB Systems Facing Out of Distribution Data 2023 SIGMOD 5.9979958e-05
5,837 Pre-training Summarization Models of Structured Datasets for Cardinality Estimation 2022 VLDB 5.9600736e-05
5,982 Towards instance-optimized data systems 2021 VLDB 5.9096991e-05
6,095 From Auto-tuning One Size Fits All to Self-designed and Learned Data-intensive Systems 2019 SIGMOD 5.8706416e-05
6,121 Breaking It Down: An In-depth Study of Index Advisors 2024 VLDB 5.863893e-05
6,137 Learning to Optimize LSM-trees: Towards A Reinforcement Learning based Key-Value Store for Dynamic Workloads 2023 SIGMOD 5.8576977e-05
6,189 Helios: Hyperscale Indexing for the Cloud & Edge 2020 VLDB 5.8391363e-05
6,279 A Critical Analysis of Recursive Model Indexes 2022 VLDB 5.8090653e-05
6,402 A Unified Transferable Model for ML-Enhanced DBMS 2022 CIDR 5.7800842e-05
6,433 An Eight-Dimensional Systematic Evaluation of Optimized Search Algorithms on Modern Processors 2018 VLDB 5.7684496e-05
6,604 LMSFC: A Novel Multidimensional Index based on Learned Monotonic Space Filling Curves 2023 VLDB 5.7196547e-05
6,622 Making In-Memory Learned Indexes Efficient on Disk 2024 SIGMOD 5.7136886e-05
6,680 Range Search over Encrypted Multi-Attribute Data 2023 VLDB 5.6950181e-05
6,712 MOST: Model-Based Compression with Outlier Storage for Time Series Data 2023 SIGMOD 5.6852386e-05
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Outgoing Citations (Sorted by Pagerank)

Showing 18 of 18 cited papers.

Citations counted here include only citations to other VLDB/SIGMOD/CIDR/PODS papers in this database.

Rank Cited Paper Year Venue Pagerank
34 The Design Of Postgres 1986 SIGMOD 0.00049063803
59 Differential Files: Their Application To The Maintenance Of Large Data Bases 1976 SIGMOD 0.00039478403
68 Making B+-Trees Cache Conscious in Main Memory 2000 SIGMOD 0.00037861537
216 Small Materialized Aggregates: A Light Weight Index Structure for Data Warehousing 1998 VLDB 0.00024446892
230 A Study of Index Structures for Main Memory Database Management Systems 1986 VLDB 0.00023845485
280 FAST: Fast Architecture Sensitive Tree Search on Modern CPUs and GPUs 2010 SIGMOD 0.00022267903
649 Building a Database on S3 2008 SIGMOD 0.00015156241
959 RDF-3X: a RISC-style Engine for RDF 2008 VLDB 0.00012825889
964 Reducing the Storage Overhead of Main-Memory OLTP Databases with Hybrid Indexes 2016 SIGMOD 0.00012798312
1,117 Adaptive Range Filters for Cold Data: Avoiding Trips to Siberia 2013 VLDB 0.00011928965
1,213 A Seven-Dimensional Analysis of Hashing Methods and its Implications on Query Processing 2016 VLDB 0.00011492443
1,349 The End of a Myth: Distributed Transactions Can Scale 2017 VLDB 0.00010940559
1,449 An Architecture for Compiling UDF-centric Workflows 2015 VLDB 0.00010597074
1,507 BF-Tree: Approximate Tree Indexing 2014 VLDB 0.0001041737
1,643 SCADS: Scale-Independent Storage for Social Computing Applications 2009 CIDR 9.9801601e-05
3,383 A Hybrid B+-tree as Solution for In-Memory Indexing on CPU-GPU Heterogeneous Computing Platforms 2016 SIGMOD 7.3393628e-05
3,601 Two Birds, One Stone: A Fast, yet Lightweight, Indexing Scheme for Modern Database Systems 2017 VLDB 7.1582591e-05
4,972 The Wavelet Trie: Maintaining an Indexed Sequence of Strings in Compressed Space 2012 PODS 6.3208187e-05
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