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ALECE: An Attention-based Learned Cardinality Estimator for SPJ Queries on Dynamic Workloads

Summary: ALECE uses attention over learned data aggregations and query representations to capture attribute correlations for SPJ cardinality estimation under dynamic workloads. Integrated with PostgreSQL, it substantially outperforms traditional and learned estimators, approaching optimal plan performance. (summarized by gpt-5.6-luna on Jul 24 2026)

Paper ID
hd3b254dbfe2bc9d1
Venue
VLDB
Year
2024
Pagerank
6.6766173e-05
Overall Rank
4,299 | 71.11%
DOI
10.14778/3626292.3626302
PDF
Download (CC BY-NC-ND 4.0)

Incoming Non-self Citations Over Time

Authors

BibTeX Citation

@article{li_vldb24,
        title = {{ALECE: An Attention-based Learned Cardinality Estimator for SPJ Queries on Dynamic Workloads}},
        author = {Li, Pengfei and Wei, Wenqing and Zhu, Rong and Ding, Bolin and Zhou, Jingren and Lu, Hua},
        journal = {PVLDB},
        series = {{VLDB} '24},
        volume = {17},
        number = {2},
        pages = {197--210},
        doi = {10.14778/3626292.3626302},
        url = {https://doi.org/10.14778/3626292.3626302},
        year = {2024}
}

Incoming Citations (Sorted by Pagerank)

Showing 23 of 23 citing papers.

Rank Citing Paper Year Venue Pagerank
7,464 T3: Accurate and Fast Performance Prediction for Relational Database Systems With Compiled Decision Trees 2025 SIGMOD 5.5189616e-05
7,546 Learned Offline Query Planning via Bayesian Optimization 2025 SIGMOD 5.4966669e-05
8,032 NeurDB: On the Design and Implementation of an AI-powered Autonomous Database 2025 CIDR 5.4017794e-05
8,638 LIMAO: A Framework for Lifelong Modular Learned Query Optimization 2025 VLDB 5.2965922e-05
8,888 Spatial Query Optimization With Learning 2024 VLDB 5.2543468e-05
9,011 Learning-based Property Estimation with Polynomials 2024 SIGMOD 5.2371313e-05
9,232 SQL-Factory: A Multi-Agent Framework for High-Quality and Large-Scale SQL Generation 2026 VLDB 5.2032182e-05
9,556 Athena: An Effective Learning-based Framework for Query Optimizer Performance Improvement 2025 SIGMOD 5.1580326e-05
9,635 Low Rank Learning for Offline Query Optimization 2025 SIGMOD 5.1453041e-05
9,723 A Practical Theory of Generalization in Selectivity Learning 2025 VLDB 5.1329654e-05
9,804 NeuSO: Neural Optimizer for Subgraph Queries 2026 SIGMOD 5.1233734e-05
9,962 Graph Transformers for Query Plan Representation: Potentials and Challenges 2025 VLDB 5.1014161e-05
10,222 PRICE: A Pretrained Model for Cross-Database Cardinality Estimation 2025 VLDB 5.0560976e-05
10,300 Data-Agnostic Cardinality Learning from Imperfect Workloads 2025 VLDB 5.0407989e-05
10,306 AdaNDV: Adaptive Number of Distinct Value Estimation via Learning to Select and Fuse Estimators 2025 VLDB 5.0392037e-05
10,424 Are Learned DBMS Components Robust to Workload Drift?: [Experiments & Analysis] 2026 SIGMOD 4.9769913e-05
10,495 NeurBench: A Benchmark Suite for Learned Database Components with Drift Modeling: [Experiments & Analysis] 2026 SIGMOD 4.9769913e-05
10,701 The Case For Language Model Approximated LIKE Predicate 2026 SIGMOD 4.9769913e-05
10,812 BaCon: Efficient Batch Processing of Counting Queries 2026 VLDB 4.9769913e-05
11,201 PLM4NDV: Minimizing Data Access for Number of Distinct Values Estimation with Pre-trained Language Models 2025 SIGMOD 4.9769913e-05
11,265 ACE: A Cardinality Estimator for Set-Valued Queries 2025 VLDB 4.9769913e-05
11,449 LEAP: A Low-cost Spark SQL Query Optimizer using Pairwise Comparison 2025 VLDB 4.9769913e-05
11,544 A Universal Sketch for Estimating Heavy Hitters and Per-Element Frequency Moments in Data Streams with Bounded Deletions 2024 SIGMOD 4.9769913e-05
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Outgoing Citations (Sorted by Pagerank)

Showing 35 of 35 cited papers.

Citations counted here include only citations to other VLDB/SIGMOD/CIDR/PODS papers in this database.

Rank Cited Paper Year Venue Pagerank
1 Access Path Selection in a Relational Database Management System 1979 SIGMOD 0.0023943337
57 On Random Sampling over Joins 1999 SIGMOD 0.00040095727
85 Learned Cardinalities: Estimating Correlated Joins with Deep Learning 2019 CIDR 0.00035876108
98 LEO - DB2's LEarning Optimizer 2001 VLDB 0.00034099838
103 Selectivity Estimation Without the Attribute Value Independence Assumption 1997 VLDB 0.00033884854
286 Selectivity Estimation using Probabilistic Models 2001 SIGMOD 0.00022112534
318 DeepDB: Learn from Data, not from Queries! 2020 VLDB 0.00021166957
371 STHoles: A Multidimensional Workload-Aware Histogram 2001 SIGMOD 0.00019822444
386 Preventing Bad Plans by Bounding the Impact of Cardinality Estimation Errors 2009 VLDB 0.00019446558
406 Deep Unsupervised Cardinality Estimation 2020 VLDB 0.00019050182
510 NeuroCard: One Cardinality Estimator for All Tables 2021 VLDB 0.00017059914
596 Wander Join: Online Aggregation via Random Walks 2016 SIGMOD 0.00015782051
691 Selectivity Estimation for Range Predicates using Lightweight Models 2019 VLDB 0.00014737455
700 Independence is Good: Dependency-Based Histogram Synopses for High-Dimensional Data 2001 SIGMOD 0.00014675903
795 Random Sampling over Joins Revisited 2018 SIGMOD 0.00013934719
867 Approximating Multi-Dimensional Aggregate Range Queries Over Real Attributes 2000 SIGMOD 0.00013376165
981 Cardinality Estimation in DBMS: A Comprehensive Benchmark Evaluation 2022 VLDB 0.00012713454
1,058 Lightweight Graphical Models for Selectivity Estimation Without Independence Assumptions 2011 VLDB 0.00012224038
1,065 Are We Ready For Learned Cardinality Estimation? 2021 VLDB 0.00012202293
1,432 Towards a Learning Optimizer for Shared Clouds 2019 VLDB 0.00010676754
1,678 Two-Level Sampling for Join Size Estimation 2017 SIGMOD 9.9056116e-05
1,735 Flow-Loss: Learning Cardinality Estimates That Matter 2021 VLDB 9.7566604e-05
2,002 FLAT: Fast, Lightweight and Accurate Method for Cardinality Estimation 2021 VLDB 9.2076835e-05
2,217 Estimating Join Selectivities using Bandwidth-Optimized Kernel Density Models 2017 VLDB 8.8151982e-05
2,518 Learned Cardinality Estimation: A Design Space Exploration and A Comparative Evaluation 2022 VLDB 8.3532841e-05
2,583 Fauce: Fast and Accurate Deep Ensembles with Uncertainty for Cardinality Estimation 2021 VLDB 8.2589842e-05
2,844 FactorJoin: A New Cardinality Estimation Framework for Join Queries 2023 SIGMOD 7.9446987e-05
3,053 A Unified Deep Model of Learning from both Data and Queries for Cardinality Estimation 2021 SIGMOD 7.7041081e-05
3,327 Robust Query Driven Cardinality Estimation under Changing Workloads 2023 VLDB 7.4233639e-05
3,742 FACE: A Normalizing Flow based Cardinality Estimator 2022 VLDB 7.0564546e-05
4,459 Lightweight and Accurate Cardinality Estimation by Neural Network Gaussian Process 2022 SIGMOD 6.5883555e-05
6,202 Combining Aggregation and Sampling (Nearly) Optimally for Approximate Query Processing 2021 SIGMOD 5.8494367e-05
6,408 A Unified Transferable Model for ML-Enhanced DBMS 2022 CIDR 5.7921918e-05
7,368 Weighted Distinct Sampling: Cardinality Estimation for SPJ Queries 2021 SIGMOD 5.5392867e-05
7,496 Synopses for Query Optimization: A Space-Complexity Perspective 2004 PODS 5.5081355e-05
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