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FACE: A Normalizing Flow based Cardinality Estimator

Summary: FACE applies normalizing flows to data-driven cardinality estimation, learning continuous joint distributions that capture column dependencies with compact models. Dequantization, string-LIKE encoding/indexing, and Monte Carlo inference deliver higher accuracy at comparable latency and model size. (summarized by gpt-5.6-luna on Jul 24 2026)

Paper ID
h51202bdeabfe708c
Venue
VLDB
Year
2022
Pagerank
7.0564546e-05
Overall Rank
3,742 | 74.86%
DOI
10.14778/3485450.3485458
PDF
Download (CC BY-NC-ND 4.0)

Incoming Non-self Citations Over Time

Authors

BibTeX Citation

@article{wang_vldb22,
        title = {{FACE: A Normalizing Flow based Cardinality Estimator}},
        author = {Wang, Jiayi and Chai, Chengliang and Liu, Jiabin and Li, Guoliang},
        journal = {PVLDB},
        series = {{VLDB} '22},
        volume = {15},
        number = {1},
        pages = {72--84},
        doi = {10.14778/3485450.3485458},
        url = {https://doi.org/10.14778/3485450.3485458},
        year = {2022}
}

Incoming Citations (Sorted by Pagerank)

Showing 32 of 32 citing papers.

Rank Citing Paper Year Venue Pagerank
2,686 Cost-based or Learning-based? A Hybrid Query Optimizer for Query Plan Selection 2022 VLDB 8.1300913e-05
2,844 FactorJoin: A New Cardinality Estimation Framework for Join Queries 2023 SIGMOD 7.9446987e-05
3,621 Learned Index: A Comprehensive Experimental Evaluation 2023 VLDB 7.1510804e-05
4,133 AOP: Automated and Interactive LLM Pipeline Orchestration for Answering Complex Queries 2025 CIDR 6.7850201e-05
4,240 LEON: A New Framework for ML-Aided Query Optimization 2023 VLDB 6.7064546e-05
4,299 ALECE: An Attention-based Learned Cardinality Estimator for SPJ Queries on Dynamic Workloads 2024 VLDB 6.6766173e-05
4,485 LearnedSQLGen: Constraint-aware SQL Generation using Reinforcement Learning 2022 SIGMOD 6.5771335e-05
5,062 Fine-Grained Modeling and Optimization for Intelligent Resource Management in Big Data Processing 2022 VLDB 6.2896995e-05
5,224 SafeBound: A Practical System for Generating Cardinality Bounds 2023 SIGMOD 6.2197808e-05
6,664 Speeding Up End-to-end Query Execution via Learning-based Progressive Cardinality Estimation 2023 SIGMOD 5.715134e-05
6,824 ASM: Harmonizing Autoregressive Model, Sampling, and Multi-dimensional Statistics Merging for Cardinality Estimation 2024 SIGMOD 5.670071e-05
7,203 Coresets over Multiple Tables for Feature-rich and Data-efficient Machine Learning 2023 VLDB 5.5845207e-05
7,540 CommunityAF: An Example-based Community Search Method via Autoregressive Flow 2023 VLDB 5.4977582e-05
8,009 A Spark Optimizer for Adaptive, Fine-Grained Parameter Tuning 2024 VLDB 5.4063491e-05
8,210 Grep: A Graph Learning Based Database Partitioning System 2023 SIGMOD 5.3761621e-05
8,808 PACE: Poisoning Attacks on Learned Cardinality Estimation 2024 SIGMOD 5.2717563e-05
9,010 ByteCard: Enhancing ByteDance’s Data Warehouse with Learned Cardinality Estimation 2024 SIGMOD 5.2371313e-05
9,189 FEBench: A Benchmark for Real-Time Relational Data Feature Extraction 2023 VLDB 5.2097224e-05
9,381 Efficient and Effective Cardinality Estimation for Skyline Family 2023 SIGMOD 5.1843659e-05
9,556 Athena: An Effective Learning-based Framework for Query Optimizer Performance Improvement 2025 SIGMOD 5.1580326e-05
9,962 Graph Transformers for Query Plan Representation: Potentials and Challenges 2025 VLDB 5.1014161e-05
9,983 Selectivity Estimation for Queries Containing Predicates over Set-Valued Attributes 2023 SIGMOD 5.1007226e-05
10,032 Cardinality Estimation of LIKE Predicate Queries using Deep Learning 2025 SIGMOD 5.0901632e-05
10,187 Path-centric Cardinality Estimation for Subgraph Matching 2025 VLDB 5.0628015e-05
10,329 SSCard: Substring Cardinality Estimation using Suffix Tree-Guided Learned FM-Index 2026 SIGMOD 5.0322912e-05
10,434 Bridging the Gap: Cardinality Estimation for Semantic Queries on Unstructured Data 2026 SIGMOD 4.9769913e-05
10,703 Practical Parameterized Query Optimization via Efficient Plan Reuse and List-wise Ranking 2026 SIGMOD 4.9769913e-05
11,139 OpenMLDB: A Real-Time Relational Data Feature Computation System for Online ML 2025 SIGMOD 4.9769913e-05
11,193 FAAQP: Fast and Accurate Approximate Query Processing based on Bitmap-augmented Sum-Product Network 2025 SIGMOD 4.9769913e-05
11,295 AQETuner: Reliable Query-level Configuration Tuning for Analytical Query Engines 2025 VLDB 4.9769913e-05
11,449 LEAP: A Low-cost Spark SQL Query Optimizer using Pairwise Comparison 2025 VLDB 4.9769913e-05
11,453 LASER: Buffer-Aware Learned Query Scheduling in Master-Standby Databases 2025 VLDB 4.9769913e-05
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Outgoing Citations (Sorted by Pagerank)

Showing 22 of 22 cited papers.

Citations counted here include only citations to other VLDB/SIGMOD/CIDR/PODS papers in this database.

Rank Cited Paper Year Venue Pagerank
1 Access Path Selection in a Relational Database Management System 1979 SIGMOD 0.0023943337
15 How Good Are Query Optimizers, Really? 2016 VLDB 0.00061067652
37 Improved Histograms for Selectivity Estimation of Range Predicates 1996 SIGMOD 0.0004772731
85 Learned Cardinalities: Estimating Correlated Joins with Deep Learning 2019 CIDR 0.00035876108
318 DeepDB: Learn from Data, not from Queries! 2020 VLDB 0.00021166957
406 Deep Unsupervised Cardinality Estimation 2020 VLDB 0.00019050182
462 An End-to-End Learning-based Cost Estimator 2020 VLDB 0.00017836105
510 NeuroCard: One Cardinality Estimator for All Tables 2021 VLDB 0.00017059914
688 Cardinality Estimation Done Right: Index-Based Join Sampling 2017 CIDR 0.00014749318
691 Selectivity Estimation for Range Predicates using Lightweight Models 2019 VLDB 0.00014737455
795 Random Sampling over Joins Revisited 2018 SIGMOD 0.00013934719
1,065 Are We Ready For Learned Cardinality Estimation? 2021 VLDB 0.00012202293
1,509 Self-Tuning, GPU-Accelerated Kernel Density Models for Multidimensional Selectivity Estimation 2015 SIGMOD 0.00010436933
1,580 Deep Learning Models for Selectivity Estimation of Multi-Attribute Queries 2020 SIGMOD 0.00010177136
2,002 FLAT: Fast, Lightweight and Accurate Method for Cardinality Estimation 2021 VLDB 9.2076835e-05
2,217 Estimating Join Selectivities using Bandwidth-Optimized Kernel Density Models 2017 VLDB 8.8151982e-05
2,518 Learned Cardinality Estimation: A Design Space Exploration and A Comparative Evaluation 2022 VLDB 8.3532841e-05
2,837 Query Performance Prediction for Concurrent Queries using Graph Embedding 2020 VLDB 7.9495917e-05
2,908 AI Meets Database: AI4DB and DB4AI 2021 SIGMOD 7.8716173e-05
3,680 openGauss: An Autonomous Database System 2021 VLDB 7.1016555e-05
4,690 Learned Cardinality Estimation for Similarity Queries 2021 SIGMOD 6.4667478e-05
4,743 Machine Learning for Databases 2021 VLDB 6.4379536e-05
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