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FactorJoin: A New Cardinality Estimation Framework for Join Queries

Summary: FactorJoin blends histogram efficiency with learned correlations. Offline single-table distributions and a factor-graph join model enable cardinality estimates without denormalization or workloads; small footprint and 40x latency, 100x smaller model. (summarized by gpt-5-nano on Feb 09 2026)

Paper ID
h77fd2367b267a465
Venue
SIGMOD
Year
2023
Pagerank
7.9446987e-05
Overall Rank
2,844 | 80.89%
DOI
10.1145/3588721

Incoming Non-self Citations Over Time

Authors

BibTeX Citation

@inproceedings{wu_sigmod23,
        title = {{FactorJoin: A New Cardinality Estimation Framework for Join Queries}},
        author = {Wu, Ziniu and Negi, Parimarjan and Alizadeh, Mohammad and Kraska, Tim and Madden, Samuel},
        series = {{SIGMOD} '23},
        booktitle = {Proceedings of the {ACM} {SIGMOD} International Conference on Management of Data},
        publisher = {Association for Computing Machinery},
        doi = {10.1145/3588721},
        url = {https://dl.acm.org/doi/10.1145/3588721},
        year = {2023}
}

Incoming Citations (Sorted by Pagerank)

Showing 35 of 35 citing papers.

Rank Citing Paper Year Venue Pagerank
3,327 Robust Query Driven Cardinality Estimation under Changing Workloads 2023 VLDB 7.4233639e-05
4,299 ALECE: An Attention-based Learned Cardinality Estimator for SPJ Queries on Dynamic Workloads 2024 VLDB 6.6766173e-05
4,854 LpBound: Pessimistic Cardinality Estimation using ℓp-Norms of Degree Sequences 2025 SIGMOD 6.3775929e-05
5,216 Stage: Query Execution Time Prediction in Amazon Redshift 2024 SIGMOD 6.2218868e-05
5,630 Sample-Efficient Cardinality Estimation Using Geometric Deep Learning 2024 VLDB 6.056758e-05
6,824 ASM: Harmonizing Autoregressive Model, Sampling, and Multi-dimensional Statistics Merging for Cardinality Estimation 2024 SIGMOD 5.670071e-05
7,653 Disclosure-Compliant Query Answering 2024 SIGMOD 5.4746904e-05
7,869 Blueprinting the Cloud: Unifying and Automatically Optimizing Cloud Data Infrastructures with BRAD 2024 VLDB 5.4342182e-05
8,373 GenJoin: Conditional Generative Plan-to-Plan Query Optimizer that Learns from Subplan Hints 2026 SIGMOD 5.3427119e-05
8,667 ShadowAQP: Efficient Approximate Group-by and Join Query via Attribute-oriented Sample Size Allocation and Data Generation 2023 VLDB 5.2905894e-05
8,888 Spatial Query Optimization With Learning 2024 VLDB 5.2543468e-05
8,952 Machine Unlearning in Learned Databases: An Experimental Analysis 2024 SIGMOD 5.2517414e-05
9,010 ByteCard: Enhancing ByteDance’s Data Warehouse with Learned Cardinality Estimation 2024 SIGMOD 5.2371313e-05
9,122 Presto’s History-based Query Optimizer 2024 VLDB 5.2251319e-05
9,124 Check Out the Big Brain on BRAD: Simplifying Cloud Data Processing with Learned Automated Data Meshes 2023 VLDB 5.2247088e-05
9,489 LpBound in Action: Cardinality Estimation with One-Sided Guarantees 2025 SIGMOD 5.168414e-05
9,556 Athena: An Effective Learning-based Framework for Query Optimizer Performance Improvement 2025 SIGMOD 5.1580326e-05
9,571 LeaFi: Data Series Indexes on Steroids with Learned Filters 2025 SIGMOD 5.154741e-05
9,654 Are Joins over LSM-trees Ready? Take RocksDB as an Example 2025 VLDB 5.142891e-05
9,723 A Practical Theory of Generalization in Selectivity Learning 2025 VLDB 5.1329654e-05
10,152 Improving DBMS Scheduling Decisions with Accurate Performance Prediction on Concurrent Queries 2025 VLDB 5.0691578e-05
10,187 Path-centric Cardinality Estimation for Subgraph Matching 2025 VLDB 5.0628015e-05
10,222 PRICE: A Pretrained Model for Cross-Database Cardinality Estimation 2025 VLDB 5.0560976e-05
10,300 Data-Agnostic Cardinality Learning from Imperfect Workloads 2025 VLDB 5.0407989e-05
10,320 veDB-HTAP: a Highly Integrated, Efficient and Adaptive HTAP System 2025 VLDB 5.0362412e-05
10,343 An Elephant Under The Microscope: Analyzing The Interaction Of Optimizer Components In PostgreSQL 2025 SIGMOD 5.0176429e-05
10,368 I Can't Believe It's Not Yannakakis: Pragmatic Bitmap Filters in Microsoft SQL Server 2026 CIDR 4.9769913e-05
10,413 A Backend-Agnostic Compiler for Approximate Query Processing with Probabilistic Tensor Algebra 2026 SIGMOD 4.9769913e-05
10,638 CorrBound: Cardinality Estimation Accounting for Inter- and Intra-relation Correlations 2026 SIGMOD 4.9769913e-05
10,723 Robust Predicate Transfer with Dynamic Execution 2026 VLDB 4.9769913e-05
10,751 OBELISK: Efficient Offline Query Planning with Bayesian Optimization-Informed Language Model Reasoning 2026 VLDB 4.9769913e-05
10,918 Incremental Query Optimizer Statistics in Amazon Redshift 2026 VLDB 4.9769913e-05
10,964 How Out-of-Bounds Are Your Cardinality Estimates? 2026 VLDB 4.9769913e-05
11,449 LEAP: A Low-cost Spark SQL Query Optimizer using Pairwise Comparison 2025 VLDB 4.9769913e-05
11,544 A Universal Sketch for Estimating Heavy Hitters and Per-Element Frequency Moments in Data Streams with Bounded Deletions 2024 SIGMOD 4.9769913e-05
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Outgoing Citations (Sorted by Pagerank)

Showing 46 of 46 cited papers.

Citations counted here include only citations to other VLDB/SIGMOD/CIDR/PODS papers in this database.

Rank Cited Paper Year Venue Pagerank
1 Access Path Selection in a Relational Database Management System 1979 SIGMOD 0.0023943337
15 How Good Are Query Optimizers, Really? 2016 VLDB 0.00061067652
79 Practical Selectivity Estimation through Adaptive Sampling 1990 SIGMOD 0.00036476265
85 Learned Cardinalities: Estimating Correlated Joins with Deep Learning 2019 CIDR 0.00035876108
91 On the Propagation of Errors in the Size of Join Results 1991 SIGMOD 0.00034748721
98 LEO - DB2's LEarning Optimizer 2001 VLDB 0.00034099838
103 Selectivity Estimation Without the Attribute Value Independence Assumption 1997 VLDB 0.00033884854
144 Neo: A Learned Query Optimizer 2019 VLDB 0.00029090793
255 The History of Histograms (abridged) 2003 VLDB 0.00022974524
284 Balancing Histogram Optimality and Practicality for Query Result Size Estimation 1995 SIGMOD 0.00022205848
286 Selectivity Estimation using Probabilistic Models 2001 SIGMOD 0.00022112534
315 Worst-Case Optimal Join Algorithms: Techniques, Results, and Open Problems 2018 PODS 0.00021236408
318 DeepDB: Learn from Data, not from Queries! 2020 VLDB 0.00021166957
371 STHoles: A Multidimensional Workload-Aware Histogram 2001 SIGMOD 0.00019822444
406 Deep Unsupervised Cardinality Estimation 2020 VLDB 0.00019050182
462 An End-to-End Learning-based Cost Estimator 2020 VLDB 0.00017836105
510 NeuroCard: One Cardinality Estimator for All Tables 2021 VLDB 0.00017059914
560 Plan-Structured Deep Neural Network Models for Query Performance Prediction 2019 VLDB 0.00016408613
596 Wander Join: Online Aggregation via Random Walks 2016 SIGMOD 0.00015782051
688 Cardinality Estimation Done Right: Index-Based Join Sampling 2017 CIDR 0.00014749318
691 Selectivity Estimation for Range Predicates using Lightweight Models 2019 VLDB 0.00014737455
700 Independence is Good: Dependency-Based Histogram Synopses for High-Dimensional Data 2001 SIGMOD 0.00014675903
795 Random Sampling over Joins Revisited 2018 SIGMOD 0.00013934719
806 Universality of Serial Histograms 1993 VLDB 0.00013786471
867 Approximating Multi-Dimensional Aggregate Range Queries Over Real Attributes 2000 SIGMOD 0.00013376165
981 Cardinality Estimation in DBMS: A Comprehensive Benchmark Evaluation 2022 VLDB 0.00012713454
1,058 Lightweight Graphical Models for Selectivity Estimation Without Independence Assumptions 2011 VLDB 0.00012224038
1,091 What do Shannon-type Inequalities, Submodular Width, and Disjunctive Datalog have to do with one another? 2017 PODS 0.00012068611
1,432 Towards a Learning Optimizer for Shared Clouds 2019 VLDB 0.00010676754
1,465 Pessimistic Cardinality Estimation: Tighter Upper Bounds for Intermediate Join Cardinalities 2019 SIGMOD 0.00010572023
1,509 Self-Tuning, GPU-Accelerated Kernel Density Models for Multidimensional Selectivity Estimation 2015 SIGMOD 0.00010436933
1,580 Deep Learning Models for Selectivity Estimation of Multi-Attribute Queries 2020 SIGMOD 0.00010177136
1,735 Flow-Loss: Learning Cardinality Estimates That Matter 2021 VLDB 9.7566604e-05
2,002 FLAT: Fast, Lightweight and Accurate Method for Cardinality Estimation 2021 VLDB 9.2076835e-05
2,174 A Black-Box Approach to Query Cardinality Estimation 2007 CIDR 8.9193253e-05
2,217 Estimating Join Selectivities using Bandwidth-Optimized Kernel Density Models 2017 VLDB 8.8151982e-05
2,278 Active Learning for ML Enhanced Database Systems 2020 SIGMOD 8.7057608e-05
2,303 Selectivity Estimation in Extensible Databases - A Neural Network Approach 1998 VLDB 8.6685874e-05
2,583 Fauce: Fast and Accurate Deep Ensembles with Uncertainty for Cardinality Estimation 2021 VLDB 8.2589842e-05
2,824 G-CARE: A Framework for Performance Benchmarking of Cardinality Estimation Techniques for Subgraph Matching 2020 SIGMOD 7.9662478e-05
3,053 A Unified Deep Model of Learning from both Data and Queries for Cardinality Estimation 2021 SIGMOD 7.7041081e-05
3,742 FACE: A Normalizing Flow based Cardinality Estimator 2022 VLDB 7.0564546e-05
3,983 Simplicity Done Right for Join Ordering 2021 CIDR 6.8722161e-05
4,536 One Model to Rule them All: Towards Zero-Shot Learning for Databases 2022 CIDR 6.552998e-05
5,110 Steering Query Optimizers: A Practical Take on Big Data Workloads 2021 SIGMOD 6.2678118e-05
6,408 A Unified Transferable Model for ML-Enhanced DBMS 2022 CIDR 5.7921918e-05
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