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FactorJoin: A New Cardinality Estimation Framework for Join Queries

Summary: FactorJoin blends histogram efficiency with learned correlations. Offline single-table distributions and a factor-graph join model enable cardinality estimates without denormalization or workloads; small footprint and 40x latency, 100x smaller model. (summarized by gpt-5-nano on Feb 09 2026)

Paper ID
h77fd2367b267a465
Venue
SIGMOD
Year
2023
Pagerank
7.9201312e-05
Overall Rank
2,852 | 80.89%
DOI
10.1145/3588721

Incoming Non-self Citations Over Time

Authors

BibTeX Citation

@inproceedings{wu_sigmod23,
        title = {{FactorJoin: A New Cardinality Estimation Framework for Join Queries}},
        author = {Wu, Ziniu and Negi, Parimarjan and Alizadeh, Mohammad and Kraska, Tim and Madden, Samuel},
        series = {{SIGMOD} '23},
        booktitle = {Proceedings of the {ACM} {SIGMOD} International Conference on Management of Data},
        publisher = {Association for Computing Machinery},
        doi = {10.1145/3588721},
        url = {https://dl.acm.org/doi/10.1145/3588721},
        year = {2023}
}

Incoming Citations (Sorted by Pagerank)

Showing 35 of 35 citing papers.

Rank Citing Paper Year Venue Pagerank
3,269 Robust Query Driven Cardinality Estimation under Changing Workloads 2023 VLDB 7.463682e-05
4,315 ALECE: An Attention-based Learned Cardinality Estimator for SPJ Queries on Dynamic Workloads 2024 VLDB 6.6545412e-05
4,833 Stage: Query Execution Time Prediction in Amazon Redshift 2024 SIGMOD 6.3834856e-05
4,882 LpBound: Pessimistic Cardinality Estimation using ℓp-Norms of Degree Sequences 2025 SIGMOD 6.3565046e-05
5,457 Sample-Efficient Cardinality Estimation Using Geometric Deep Learning 2024 VLDB 6.1058928e-05
6,840 ASM: Harmonizing Autoregressive Model, Sampling, and Multi-dimensional Statistics Merging for Cardinality Estimation 2024 SIGMOD 5.6513231e-05
7,363 Blueprinting the Cloud: Unifying and Automatically Optimizing Cloud Data Infrastructures with BRAD 2024 VLDB 5.5279826e-05
7,666 Disclosure-Compliant Query Answering 2024 SIGMOD 5.4565877e-05
8,389 GenJoin: Conditional Generative Plan-to-Plan Query Optimizer that Learns from Subplan Hints 2026 SIGMOD 5.3250456e-05
8,685 ShadowAQP: Efficient Approximate Group-by and Join Query via Attribute-oriented Sample Size Allocation and Data Generation 2023 VLDB 5.2730954e-05
8,908 Spatial Query Optimization With Learning 2024 VLDB 5.2369727e-05
8,975 Machine Unlearning in Learned Databases: An Experimental Analysis 2024 SIGMOD 5.2343759e-05
9,011 Improving DBMS Scheduling Decisions with Accurate Performance Prediction on Concurrent Queries 2025 VLDB 5.2238303e-05
9,031 ByteCard: Enhancing ByteDance’s Data Warehouse with Learned Cardinality Estimation 2024 SIGMOD 5.219814e-05
9,141 Presto’s History-based Query Optimizer 2024 VLDB 5.2078543e-05
9,143 Check Out the Big Brain on BRAD: Simplifying Cloud Data Processing with Learned Automated Data Meshes 2023 VLDB 5.2074327e-05
9,518 LpBound in Action: Cardinality Estimation with One-Sided Guarantees 2025 SIGMOD 5.151324e-05
9,583 Athena: An Effective Learning-based Framework for Query Optimizer Performance Improvement 2025 SIGMOD 5.140977e-05
9,596 LeaFi: Data Series Indexes on Steroids with Learned Filters 2025 SIGMOD 5.1376962e-05
9,681 Are Joins over LSM-trees Ready? Take RocksDB as an Example 2025 VLDB 5.1258854e-05
9,753 A Practical Theory of Generalization in Selectivity Learning 2025 VLDB 5.1159926e-05
10,109 veDB-HTAP: a Highly Integrated, Efficient and Adaptive HTAP System 2025 VLDB 5.0672857e-05
10,221 Path-centric Cardinality Estimation for Subgraph Matching 2025 VLDB 5.0460607e-05
10,257 PRICE: A Pretrained Model for Cross-Database Cardinality Estimation 2025 VLDB 5.039379e-05
10,327 Data-Agnostic Cardinality Learning from Imperfect Workloads 2025 VLDB 5.0241309e-05
10,370 An Elephant Under The Microscope: Analyzing The Interaction Of Optimizer Components In PostgreSQL 2025 SIGMOD 5.0010514e-05
10,435 I Can't Believe It's Not Yannakakis: Pragmatic Bitmap Filters in Microsoft SQL Server 2026 CIDR 4.9605343e-05
10,479 A Backend-Agnostic Compiler for Approximate Query Processing with Probabilistic Tensor Algebra 2026 SIGMOD 4.9605343e-05
10,699 CorrBound: Cardinality Estimation Accounting for Inter- and Intra-relation Correlations 2026 SIGMOD 4.9605343e-05
10,784 Robust Predicate Transfer with Dynamic Execution 2026 VLDB 4.9605343e-05
10,812 OBELISK: Efficient Offline Query Planning with Bayesian Optimization-Informed Language Model Reasoning 2026 VLDB 4.9605343e-05
10,979 Incremental Query Optimizer Statistics in Amazon Redshift 2026 VLDB 4.9605343e-05
11,025 How Out-of-Bounds Are Your Cardinality Estimates? 2026 VLDB 4.9605343e-05
11,501 LEAP: A Low-cost Spark SQL Query Optimizer using Pairwise Comparison 2025 VLDB 4.9605343e-05
11,593 A Universal Sketch for Estimating Heavy Hitters and Per-Element Frequency Moments in Data Streams with Bounded Deletions 2024 SIGMOD 4.9605343e-05
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Outgoing Citations (Sorted by Pagerank)

Showing 46 of 46 cited papers.

Citations counted here include only citations to other VLDB/SIGMOD/CIDR/PODS papers in this database.

Rank Cited Paper Year Venue Pagerank
1 Access Path Selection in a Relational Database Management System 1979 SIGMOD 0.0023948467
15 How Good Are Query Optimizers, Really? 2016 VLDB 0.00061463175
79 Practical Selectivity Estimation through Adaptive Sampling 1990 SIGMOD 0.00036394222
84 Learned Cardinalities: Estimating Correlated Joins with Deep Learning 2019 CIDR 0.00035920657
91 On the Propagation of Errors in the Size of Join Results 1991 SIGMOD 0.00034691614
98 LEO - DB2's LEarning Optimizer 2001 VLDB 0.00034050614
103 Selectivity Estimation Without the Attribute Value Independence Assumption 1997 VLDB 0.00033847446
142 Neo: A Learned Query Optimizer 2019 VLDB 0.00029114937
254 The History of Histograms (abridged) 2003 VLDB 0.00022999992
285 Balancing Histogram Optimality and Practicality for Query Result Size Estimation 1995 SIGMOD 0.00022143946
287 Selectivity Estimation using Probabilistic Models 2001 SIGMOD 0.00022060616
318 Worst-Case Optimal Join Algorithms: Techniques, Results, and Open Problems 2018 PODS 0.00021178303
320 DeepDB: Learn from Data, not from Queries! 2020 VLDB 0.00021128745
372 STHoles: A Multidimensional Workload-Aware Histogram 2001 SIGMOD 0.00019768921
405 Deep Unsupervised Cardinality Estimation 2020 VLDB 0.00019020138
453 An End-to-End Learning-based Cost Estimator 2020 VLDB 0.0001801482
508 NeuroCard: One Cardinality Estimator for All Tables 2021 VLDB 0.00017108973
545 Plan-Structured Deep Neural Network Models for Query Performance Prediction 2019 VLDB 0.0001657599
594 Wander Join: Online Aggregation via Random Walks 2016 SIGMOD 0.00015814493
689 Cardinality Estimation Done Right: Index-Based Join Sampling 2017 CIDR 0.00014725904
690 Selectivity Estimation for Range Predicates using Lightweight Models 2019 VLDB 0.00014703258
701 Independence is Good: Dependency-Based Histogram Synopses for High-Dimensional Data 2001 SIGMOD 0.0001464136
793 Random Sampling over Joins Revisited 2018 SIGMOD 0.00013903938
806 Universality of Serial Histograms 1993 VLDB 0.00013752086
868 Approximating Multi-Dimensional Aggregate Range Queries Over Real Attributes 2000 SIGMOD 0.00013336675
983 Cardinality Estimation in DBMS: A Comprehensive Benchmark Evaluation 2022 VLDB 0.00012677179
1,061 Lightweight Graphical Models for Selectivity Estimation Without Independence Assumptions 2011 VLDB 0.00012207625
1,096 What do Shannon-type Inequalities, Submodular Width, and Disjunctive Datalog have to do with one another? 2017 PODS 0.00012035761
1,436 Towards a Learning Optimizer for Shared Clouds 2019 VLDB 0.00010658836
1,444 Pessimistic Cardinality Estimation: Tighter Upper Bounds for Intermediate Join Cardinalities 2019 SIGMOD 0.00010616242
1,511 Self-Tuning, GPU-Accelerated Kernel Density Models for Multidimensional Selectivity Estimation 2015 SIGMOD 0.00010408003
1,583 Deep Learning Models for Selectivity Estimation of Multi-Attribute Queries 2020 SIGMOD 0.00010148362
1,740 Flow-Loss: Learning Cardinality Estimates That Matter 2021 VLDB 9.7289523e-05
2,009 FLAT: Fast, Lightweight and Accurate Method for Cardinality Estimation 2021 VLDB 9.1813272e-05
2,174 A Black-Box Approach to Query Cardinality Estimation 2007 CIDR 8.9067128e-05
2,228 Estimating Join Selectivities using Bandwidth-Optimized Kernel Density Models 2017 VLDB 8.7912743e-05
2,290 Active Learning for ML Enhanced Database Systems 2020 SIGMOD 8.6813363e-05
2,310 Selectivity Estimation in Extensible Databases - A Neural Network Approach 1998 VLDB 8.6493038e-05
2,584 Fauce: Fast and Accurate Deep Ensembles with Uncertainty for Cardinality Estimation 2021 VLDB 8.2435322e-05
2,829 G-CARE: A Framework for Performance Benchmarking of Cardinality Estimation Techniques for Subgraph Matching 2020 SIGMOD 7.9469964e-05
3,060 A Unified Deep Model of Learning from both Data and Queries for Cardinality Estimation 2021 SIGMOD 7.6828463e-05
3,740 FACE: A Normalizing Flow based Cardinality Estimator 2022 VLDB 7.0398782e-05
3,995 Simplicity Done Right for Join Ordering 2021 CIDR 6.8530469e-05
4,549 One Model to Rule them All: Towards Zero-Shot Learning for Databases 2022 CIDR 6.5328866e-05
5,126 Steering Query Optimizers: A Practical Take on Big Data Workloads 2021 SIGMOD 6.2493606e-05
6,402 A Unified Transferable Model for ML-Enhanced DBMS 2022 CIDR 5.7800842e-05
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