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Are We Ready For Learned Cardinality Estimation?

Summary: Assess readiness of learned cardinality estimators for production; static workloads yield gains, but training/inference costs are high. Dynamic updates hurt accuracy; sensitivity to correlation, skew, and domain shifts; emphasizes cost control and trustworthiness. (summarized by gpt-5-nano on Feb 09 2026)

Paper ID
12352
Venue
VLDB
Year
2021
Pagerank
0.00010848882
Overall Rank
1,699 | 88.20%
DOI
10.14778/3461535.3461552

Incoming Non-self Citations Over Time

Authors

Incoming Citations (Sorted by Pagerank)

Showing 10 of 60 citing papers.

Rank Citing Paper Year Venue Pagerank
10,197 Qualitative Join Discovery in Data Lakes using Examples 2026 SIGMOD 4.1905499e-05
10,219 Practical Parameterized Query Optimization via Efficient Plan Reuse and List-wise Ranking 2026 SIGMOD 4.1905499e-05
10,227 Sample-based Distinct Cardinality Estimation for Multiple Attributes in Multi-Dataset Queries 2026 VLDB 4.1905499e-05
10,241 Robust Predicate Transfer with Dynamic Execution 2026 VLDB 4.1905499e-05
10,491 FAAQP: Fast and Accurate Approximate Query Processing based on Bitmap-augmented Sum-Product Network 2025 SIGMOD 4.1905499e-05
10,707 The Accuracy of Cardinality Estimators: Unraveling the Evaluation Result Conundrum 2025 VLDB 4.1905499e-05
10,945 Sub-optimal Join Order Identification with L1-error 2024 SIGMOD 4.1905499e-05
11,087 Presto’s History-based Query Optimizer 2024 VLDB 4.1905499e-05
11,192 Efficient and Effective Cardinality Estimation for Skyline Family 2023 SIGMOD 4.1905499e-05
11,196 A Step Toward Deep Online Aggregation 2023 SIGMOD 4.1905499e-05
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Outgoing Citations (Sorted by Pagerank)

Showing 50 of 52 cited papers.

Citations counted here include only citations to other VLDB/SIGMOD/CIDR/PODS papers in this database.

Rank Cited Paper Year Venue Pagerank
28 Accurate Estimation Of The Number Of Tuples Satisfying A Condition 1984 SIGMOD 0.00080571183
63 Improved Histograms for Selectivity Estimation of Range Predicates 1996 SIGMOD 0.00063595699
71 How Good Are Query Optimizers, Really? 2016 VLDB 0.00059446482
92 Practical Selectivity Estimation through Adaptive Sampling 1990 SIGMOD 0.00051431888
101 The Case for Learned Index Structures 2018 SIGMOD 0.00049778866
114 Equi-Depth Histograms For Estimating Selectivity Factors For Multi-Dimensional Queries 1988 SIGMOD 0.00046317654
141 Selectivity Estimation Without the Attribute Value Independence Assumption 1997 VLDB 0.00041819767
203 Learned Cardinalities: Estimating Correlated Joins with Deep Learning 2019 CIDR 0.00034868567
223 Wavelet-Based Histograms for Selectivity Estimation 1998 SIGMOD 0.00032829841
250 Adaptive Selectivity Estimation Using Query Feedback 1994 SIGMOD 0.00030640525
329 Neo: A Learned Query Optimizer 2019 VLDB 0.00027301488
373 Selectivity Estimation using Probabilistic Models 2001 SIGMOD 0.00025354685
510 An End-to-End Automatic Cloud Database Tuning System Using Deep Reinforcement Learning 2019 SIGMOD 0.00021420477
512 STHoles: A Multidimensional Workload-Aware Histogram 2001 SIGMOD 0.00021385343
527 Self-tuning Histograms: Building Histograms Without Looking at Data 1999 SIGMOD 0.00020862475
542 Apache Calcite: A Foundational Framework for Optimized Query Processing Over Heterogeneous Data Sources 2018 SIGMOD 0.00020522627
606 DeepDB: Learn from Data, not from Queries! 2020 VLDB 0.00019251186
627 Preventing Bad Plans by Bounding the Impact of Cardinality Estimation Errors 2009 VLDB 0.00018959896
752 Deep Unsupervised Cardinality Estimation 2020 VLDB 0.00017138049
804 An End-to-End Learning-based Cost Estimator 2020 VLDB 0.0001643674
838 Independence is Good: Dependency-Based Histogram Synopses for High-Dimensional Data 2001 SIGMOD 0.00016024923
905 NeuroCard: One Cardinality Estimator for All Tables 2021 VLDB 0.00015423174
941 Wander Join: Online Aggregation via Random Walks 2016 SIGMOD 0.00015147831
995 Approximating Multi-Dimensional Aggregate Range Queries Over Real Attributes 2000 SIGMOD 0.00014745185
1,104 Cardinality Estimation Done Right: Index-Based Join Sampling 2017 CIDR 0.0001398479
1,116 Global Optimization of Histograms 2001 SIGMOD 0.00013863484
1,161 VerdictDB: Universalizing Approximate Query Processing 2018 SIGMOD 0.00013579831
1,239 Selectivity Estimation for Range Predicates using Lightweight Models 2019 VLDB 0.00013091459
1,536 Lightweight Graphical Models for Selectivity Estimation Without Independence Assumptions 2011 VLDB 0.00011458359
1,683 Cardinality Estimation: An Experimental Survey 2018 VLDB 0.0001091276
1,727 QuickSel: Quick Selectivity Learning with Mixture Models 2020 SIGMOD 0.00010731889
1,756 Sampling-Based Query Re-Optimization 2016 SIGMOD 0.00010659753
1,978 Improved Selectivity Estimation by Combining Knowledge from Sampling and Synopses 2018 VLDB 9.8764627e-05
2,136 SASH: A Self-Adaptive Histogram Set for Dynamically Changing Workloads 2003 VLDB 9.4668797e-05
2,143 Pessimistic Cardinality Estimation: Tighter Upper Bounds for Intermediate Join Cardinalities 2019 SIGMOD 9.4437798e-05
2,167 Self-Tuning, GPU-Accelerated Kernel Density Models for Multidimensional Selectivity Estimation 2015 SIGMOD 9.3879598e-05
2,222 SkinnerDB: Regret-Bounded Query Evaluation via Reinforcement Learning 2019 SIGMOD 9.2598438e-05
2,247 Orca: A Modular Query Optimizer Architecture for Big Data 2014 SIGMOD 9.201975e-05
2,359 Consistently Estimating the Selectivity of Conjuncts of Predicates 2005 VLDB 8.967267e-05
2,364 Deep Learning Models for Selectivity Estimation of Multi-Attribute Queries 2020 SIGMOD 8.955077e-05
2,494 DBEst: Revisiting Approximate Query Processing Engines with Machine Learning Models 2019 SIGMOD 8.6457436e-05
2,840 Applying the Golden Rule of Sampling for Query Estimation 2001 SIGMOD 8.0417349e-05
2,844 Selectivity Estimation in Extensible Databases - A Neural Network Approach 1998 VLDB 8.0308994e-05
2,971 Estimating Join Selectivities using Bandwidth-Optimized Kernel Density Models 2017 VLDB 7.7935535e-05
3,056 Multiple Join Size Estimation by Virtual Domains (extended abstract) 1993 PODS 7.6459653e-05
3,692 iBTune: Individualized Buffer Tuning for Large-scale Cloud Databases 2019 VLDB 6.8328808e-05
3,944 AQP++: Connecting Approximate Query Processing With Aggregate Precomputation for Interactive Analytics 2018 SIGMOD 6.6056349e-05
3,955 Efficiently Approximating Selectivity Functions using Low Overhead Regression Models 2020 VLDB 6.5895015e-05
4,086 The Case for a Learned Sorting Algorithm 2020 SIGMOD 6.4579358e-05
4,171 Computation Reuse in Analytics Job Service at Microsoft 2018 SIGMOD 6.3800823e-05
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