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An Elephant Under The Microscope: Analyzing The Interaction Of Optimizer Components In PostgreSQL

Summary: Comprehensive experimental study of PostgreSQL's optimizer core: statistics, cardinality estimation, cost model, and plan generation. It reveals cross-component interactions and offers guidance for optimizer research and engineering. (summarized by gpt-5-nano on Feb 09 2026)

Paper ID
7009
Venue
SIGMOD
Year
2025
Pagerank
5.2142386e-05
Overall Rank
9,959 | 30.79%
DOI
10.1145/3709659

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Citations counted here include only citations to other VLDB/SIGMOD/CIDR/PODS papers in this database.

Rank Cited Paper Year Venue Pagerank
1 Access Path Selection in a Relational Database Management System 1979 SIGMOD 0.0024179717
20 How Good Are Query Optimizers, Really? 2016 VLDB 0.00058294381
86 Learned Cardinalities: Estimating Correlated Joins with Deep Learning 2019 CIDR 0.0003577267
157 Neo: A Learned Query Optimizer 2019 VLDB 0.00028782395
328 DeepDB: Learn from Data, not from Queries! 2020 VLDB 0.00021121613
387 Preventing Bad Plans by Bounding the Impact of Cardinality Estimation Errors 2009 VLDB 0.00019538003
394 Bao: Making Learned Query Optimization Practical 2021 SIGMOD 0.00019400224
411 Deep Unsupervised Cardinality Estimation 2020 VLDB 0.00019014394
524 NeuroCard: One Cardinality Estimator for All Tables 2021 VLDB 0.00017177356
702 Cardinality Estimation Done Right: Index-Based Join Sampling 2017 CIDR 0.00014941084
715 Selectivity Estimation for Range Predicates using Lightweight Models 2019 VLDB 0.0001480646
975 Analyzing Plan Diagrams of Database Query Optimizers 2005 VLDB 0.0001295619
1,053 Are We Ready For Learned Cardinality Estimation? 2021 VLDB 0.00012504851
1,074 Dynamic Programming Strikes Back 2008 SIGMOD 0.00012416314
1,164 Cardinality Estimation in DBMS: A Comprehensive Benchmark Evaluation 2022 VLDB 0.00011978719
1,187 QuickSel: Quick Selectivity Learning with Mixture Models 2020 SIGMOD 0.00011849604
1,371 Balsa: Learning a Query Optimizer Without Expert Demonstrations 2022 SIGMOD 0.00011100806
1,542 Pessimistic Cardinality Estimation: Tighter Upper Bounds for Intermediate Join Cardinalities 2019 SIGMOD 0.00010485163
1,606 Deep Learning Models for Selectivity Estimation of Multi-Attribute Queries 2020 SIGMOD 0.00010308107
1,646 The Picasso Database Query Optimizer Visualizer 2010 VLDB 0.00010197566
1,931 Flow-Loss: Learning Cardinality Estimates That Matter 2021 VLDB 9.5483519e-05
1,976 FLAT: Fast, Lightweight and Accurate Method for Cardinality Estimation 2021 VLDB 9.4645971e-05
2,506 Lero: A Learning-to-Rank Query Optimizer 2023 VLDB 8.5603022e-05
2,533 Learned Cardinality Estimation: An In-depth Study 2022 SIGMOD 8.5233704e-05
2,662 Fauce: Fast and Accurate Deep Ensembles with Uncertainty for Cardinality Estimation 2021 VLDB 8.344893e-05
2,688 Learned Cardinality Estimation: A Design Space Exploration and A Comparative Evaluation 2022 VLDB 8.3172831e-05
2,842 Cost-based or Learning-based? A Hybrid Query Optimizer for Query Plan Selection 2022 VLDB 8.1092924e-05
2,929 Zero-Shot Cost Models for Out-of-the-box Learned Cost Prediction 2022 VLDB 8.0220847e-05
3,041 A Unified Deep Model of Learning from both Data and Queries for Cardinality Estimation 2021 SIGMOD 7.8821124e-05
3,108 FactorJoin: A New Cardinality Estimation Framework for Join Queries 2023 SIGMOD 7.8122622e-05
3,475 Robust Query Driven Cardinality Estimation under Changing Workloads 2023 VLDB 7.4606119e-05
3,525 Astrid: Accurate Selectivity Estimation for String Predicates using Deep Learning 2021 VLDB 7.4076098e-05
3,556 LOGER: A Learned Optimizer towards Generating Efficient and Robust Query Execution Plans 2023 VLDB 7.3766003e-05
3,877 Simplicity Done Right for Join Ordering 2021 CIDR 7.1096512e-05
4,507 LEON: A New Framework for ML-Aided Query Optimization 2023 VLDB 6.723287e-05
4,581 Kepler: Robust Learning for Faster Parametric Query Optimization 2023 SIGMOD 6.6913226e-05
4,858 AutoSteer: Learned Query Optimization for Any SQL Database 2023 VLDB 6.5410955e-05
4,986 Analyzing the Impact of Cardinality Estimation on Execution Plans in Microsoft SQL Server 2023 VLDB 6.4810456e-05
5,194 COMPASS: Online Sketch-based Query Optimization for In-Memory Databases 2021 SIGMOD 6.3919263e-05
5,214 FASTgres: Making Learned Query Optimizer Hinting Effective 2023 VLDB 6.3840792e-05
5,477 SafeBound: A Practical System for Generating Cardinality Bounds 2023 SIGMOD 6.2718956e-05
6,026 Leveraging Query Logs and Machine Learning for Parametric Query Optimization 2022 VLDB 6.0629003e-05
6,499 Simple Adaptive Query Processing vs. Learned Query Optimizers: Observations and Analysis 2023 VLDB 5.917181e-05
6,698 Speeding Up End-to-end Query Execution via Learning-based Progressive Cardinality Estimation 2023 SIGMOD 5.8569921e-05
6,888 Lemo: A Cache-Enhanced Learned Optimizer for Concurrent Queries 2023 SIGMOD 5.8154414e-05
7,269 Rethinking Learned Cost Models: Why Start from Scratch? 2023 SIGMOD 5.7128028e-05
7,770 Efficiently Computing Join Orders with Heuristic Search 2023 SIGMOD 5.6064744e-05
8,466 A Study of Database Performance Sensitivity to Experiment Settings 2022 VLDB 5.4898469e-05
8,988 BASE: Bridging the Gap between Cost and Latency for Query Optimization 2023 VLDB 5.4017106e-05
9,579 Approximate Sketches 2024 SIGMOD 5.3118431e-05
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