DBScholar

Back to papers

The Case for Learned Index Structures

Summary: Indexes treated as models; learned indexes proposed as replacements for B-Tree, Hash, and Bitmap indexes. The paper analyzes theoretical conditions under which learned indexes outperform traditional ones and reports initial results, signaling ML-driven data management as a design paradigm. (summarized by gpt-5-nano on Feb 09 2026)

Paper ID
h951df9242ad9178d
Venue
SIGMOD
Year
2018
Pagerank
0.00046284649
Overall Rank
40 | 99.74%
DOI
10.1145/3183713.3196909

Incoming Non-self Citations Over Time

Authors

BibTeX Citation

@inproceedings{kraska_sigmod18,
        title = {{The Case for Learned Index Structures}},
        author = {Kraska, Tim and Beutel, Alex and Chi, Ed H. and Dean, Jeffrey and Polyzotis, Neoklis},
        series = {{SIGMOD} '18},
        booktitle = {Proceedings of the {ACM} {SIGMOD} International Conference on Management of Data},
        publisher = {Association for Computing Machinery},
        doi = {10.1145/3183713.3196909},
        url = {https://dl.acm.org/doi/10.1145/3183713.3196909},
        year = {2018}
}

Incoming Citations (Sorted by Pagerank)

Showing 50 of 219 citing papers.

Rank Citing Paper Year Venue Pagerank
9,333 Deep Query Optimization 2019 SIGMOD 5.1922392e-05
9,346 External Merge Sort for Top-K Queries: Eager input filtering guided by histograms 2020 SIGMOD 5.1901145e-05
9,458 HyperBlocker: Accelerating Rule-based Blocking in Entity Resolution using GPUs 2025 VLDB 5.173446e-05
9,563 LeaFi: Data Series Indexes on Steroids with Learned Filters 2025 SIGMOD 5.1571823e-05
9,593 Can Learned Indexes be Built Efficiently? A Deep Dive into Sampling Trade-offs 2024 SIGMOD 5.156392e-05
9,610 LIMAO: A Framework for Lifelong Modular Learned Query Optimization 2025 VLDB 5.1526493e-05
9,699 Revisiting B-tree Compression: An Experimental Study 2024 SIGMOD 5.138658e-05
9,728 Outback: Fast and Communication-efficient Index for Key-Value Store on Disaggregated Memory 2025 VLDB 5.1349531e-05
9,741 LES3: Learning-based Exact Set Similarity Search 2021 VLDB 5.1349531e-05
9,777 Understanding Robustness Issues of Updatable Learned Indexes: [Experiments & Analysis] 2026 SIGMOD 5.1314952e-05
9,893 Approximate Sketches 2024 SIGMOD 5.1134687e-05
9,910 Cardinality Estimation for Similarity Search on High-Dimensional Data Objects: The Impact of Reference Objects 2025 VLDB 5.1103839e-05
9,918 Route Travel Time Estimation on A Road Network Revisited: Heterogeneity, Proximity, Periodicity and Dynamicity 2023 VLDB 5.1103839e-05
9,919 Waffle: In-memory Grid Index for Moving Objects with Reinforcement Learning-based Configuration Tuning System 2022 VLDB 5.1103839e-05
10,002 BT-Tree: A Reinforcement Learning Based Index for Big Trajectory Data 2024 SIGMOD 5.0979044e-05
10,035 From Worst-Case to Average-Case Analysis: Accurate Latency Predictions for Key-Value Storage Engines 2020 SIGMOD 5.0925155e-05
10,043 The Image Calculator: 10x Faster Image-AI Inference by Replacing JPEG with Self-designing Storage Format 2024 SIGMOD 5.0921006e-05
10,057 SPACE: Cardinality Estimation for Path Queries Using Cardinality-Aware Sequence-based Learning 2025 SIGMOD 5.0875952e-05
10,078 Accelerating Approximate Nearest Neighbor Search in Hierarchical Graphs: Efficient Level Navigation with Shortcuts 2025 VLDB 5.0830849e-05
10,143 Does A Fish Need a Bicycle? The Case for On-Chip NPUs in DBMS 2026 CIDR 5.0715586e-05
10,168 PLATON: Top-down R-tree Packing with Learned Partition Policy 2023 SIGMOD 5.0682654e-05
10,185 SWIX: A Memory-efficient Sliding Window Learned Index 2024 SIGMOD 5.0651993e-05
10,217 DBMS Fitting: Why should we learn what we already know? 2020 CIDR 5.0582281e-05
10,287 AdaChain: A Learned Adaptive Blockchain 2023 VLDB 5.0448662e-05
10,296 ChainedFilter: Combining Membership Filters by Chain Rule 2023 SIGMOD 5.0430473e-05
10,322 SSCard: Substring Cardinality Estimation using Suffix Tree-Guided Learned FM-Index 2026 SIGMOD 5.0346745e-05
10,453 Fair-Count-Min: Frequency Estimation under Equal Group-wise Approximation Factor 2026 SIGMOD 4.9793485e-05
10,473 L3: A GPU-Native Co-Designed Data Format for Learned Lossless Lightweight Compression 2026 SIGMOD 4.9793485e-05
10,474 LICO: An SIMD-Aware High-Performance Learned Inverted Index Compression Framework 2026 SIGMOD 4.9793485e-05
10,475 LINE: A Learned Index with Group-Enhanced Leaves and Cache-Optimized Inner Tree 2026 SIGMOD 4.9793485e-05
10,480 Mathematical Foundations of Poisoning Attacks on Linear Regression over Cumulative Distribution Functions 2026 SIGMOD 4.9793485e-05
10,484 NeurBench: A Benchmark Suite for Learned Database Components with Drift Modeling: [Experiments & Analysis] 2026 SIGMOD 4.9793485e-05
10,489 On Self-Designing Learned Indexes 2026 SIGMOD 4.9793485e-05
10,575 High Performance or Low Memory? An Updatable Learned Index Framework for Time-Space Tradeoff 2026 SIGMOD 4.9793485e-05
10,640 Enumerating Graph Pattern Matches with ML Oracles 2026 SIGMOD 4.9793485e-05
10,645 From Learning to Recycling: A Log-Structured Learned-Less Index 2026 SIGMOD 4.9793485e-05
10,648 HIRE: A Hybrid Learned Index for Robust and Efficient Performance under Mixed Workloads 2026 SIGMOD 4.9793485e-05
10,651 Improving LZ4 for Effective Compression and Efficient Query 2026 SIGMOD 4.9793485e-05
10,656 LM-Tree: A Hybrid Learned Index for Similarity Search in Metric Spaces 2026 SIGMOD 4.9793485e-05
10,691 The Case For Language Model Approximated LIKE Predicate 2026 SIGMOD 4.9793485e-05
10,764 Kirin: Efficient In-Storage Learned Compaction for LSM-Trees via System-Algorithm Co-Design 2026 VLDB 4.9793485e-05
10,844 Rethinking Learned Index and LSM-tree Integration 2026 VLDB 4.9793485e-05
10,856 How Much Can RocksDB Chew? Achieving Near-Zero Write Stalls with Sustainable RocksDB 2026 VLDB 4.9793485e-05
10,876 ConRAD: Conformal Risk-Aware Neural Databases 2026 VLDB 4.9793485e-05
10,897 Tidehunter: Large-Value Storage With Minimal Data Relocation 2026 VLDB 4.9793485e-05
11,057 A Workload-Aware Encrypted Index for Efficient Privacy-Preserving Range Queries 2026 VLDB 4.9793485e-05
11,064 LiBox: A Learned Index as an Array to Minimize Last-Mile Search 2026 VLDB 4.9793485e-05
11,070 Learned Static Function Data Structures 2026 VLDB 4.9793485e-05
11,113 Optimizing Block Skipping for High-Dimensional Data with Learned Adaptive Curve 2025 SIGMOD 4.9793485e-05
11,122 VEGA: An Active-tuning Learned Index with Group-Wise Learning Granularity 2025 SIGMOD 4.9793485e-05
Previous Page 4 / 5 Next

Outgoing Citations (Sorted by Pagerank)

Showing 18 of 18 cited papers.

Citations counted here include only citations to other VLDB/SIGMOD/CIDR/PODS papers in this database.

Rank Cited Paper Year Venue Pagerank
34 The Design Of Postgres 1986 SIGMOD 0.00049142315
59 Differential Files: Their Application To The Maintenance Of Large Data Bases 1976 SIGMOD 0.00039605949
69 Making B+-Trees Cache Conscious in Main Memory 2000 SIGMOD 0.00037950385
216 Small Materialized Aggregates: A Light Weight Index Structure for Data Warehousing 1998 VLDB 0.00024485024
229 A Study of Index Structures for Main Memory Database Management Systems 1986 VLDB 0.00023911856
282 FAST: Fast Architecture Sensitive Tree Search on Modern CPUs and GPUs 2010 SIGMOD 0.00022264207
647 Building a Database on S3 2008 SIGMOD 0.00015208434
954 RDF-3X: a RISC-style Engine for RDF 2008 VLDB 0.00012867202
971 Reducing the Storage Overhead of Main-Memory OLTP Databases with Hybrid Indexes 2016 SIGMOD 0.00012766019
1,117 Adaptive Range Filters for Cold Data: Avoiding Trips to Siberia 2013 VLDB 0.00011953704
1,283 A Seven-Dimensional Analysis of Hashing Methods and its Implications on Query Processing 2016 VLDB 0.00011209209
1,339 The End of a Myth: Distributed Transactions Can Scale 2017 VLDB 0.00010975458
1,444 An Architecture for Compiling UDF-centric Workflows 2015 VLDB 0.0001063181
1,510 BF-Tree: Approximate Tree Indexing 2014 VLDB 0.00010438563
1,638 SCADS: Scale-Independent Storage for Social Computing Applications 2009 CIDR 0.00010012154
3,375 A Hybrid B+-tree as Solution for In-Memory Indexing on CPU-GPU Heterogeneous Computing Platforms 2016 SIGMOD 7.3608441e-05
3,597 Two Birds, One Stone: A Fast, yet Lightweight, Indexing Scheme for Modern Database Systems 2017 VLDB 7.1788912e-05
4,955 The Wavelet Trie: Maintaining an Indexed Sequence of Strings in Compressed Space 2012 PODS 6.3406617e-05
Previous Page 1 / 1 Next

Semantically Similar Papers

# Overall Rank Paper Year Venue
1 4,721 Hist-Tree: Those Who Ignore It Are Doomed to Learn 2021 CIDR
2 5,537 Updatable Learned Indexes Meet Disk-Resident DBMS - From Evaluations to Design Choices 2023 SIGMOD
3 8,873 Why Are Learned Indexes So Effective but Sometimes Ineffective? 2025 VLDB
4 1,550 Updatable Learned Index with Precise Positions 2021 VLDB
5 10,489 On Self-Designing Learned Indexes 2026 SIGMOD
6 2,636 Are Updatable Learned Indexes Ready? 2022 VLDB
7 1,878 Effectively Learning Spatial Indices 2020 VLDB
8 6,821 Making In-Memory Learned Indexes Efficient on Disk 2024 SIGMOD
9 3,697 Learned Index: A Comprehensive Experimental Evaluation 2023 VLDB
10 848 Benchmarking Learned Indexes 2021 VLDB