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FITing-Tree: A Data-aware Index Structure

Summary: FITing-Tree presents a data-aware index that uses piecewise-linear approximations bounded by a tunable error. A cost model selects the error to balance lookup latency and storage, delivering near full-index performance with orders of magnitude less memory on real datasets. (summarized by gpt-5-nano on Feb 09 2026)

Paper ID
h9761bd39cb86219d
Venue
SIGMOD
Year
2019
Pagerank
0.00014063511
Overall Rank
774 | 94.82%
DOI
10.1145/3299869.3319860

Incoming Non-self Citations Over Time

Authors

BibTeX Citation

@inproceedings{galakatos_sigmod19,
        title = {{FITing-Tree: A Data-aware Index Structure}},
        author = {Galakatos, Alex and Markovitch, Michael and Binnig, Carsten and Fonseca, Rodrigo and Kraska, Tim},
        series = {{SIGMOD} '19},
        booktitle = {Proceedings of the {ACM} {SIGMOD} International Conference on Management of Data},
        publisher = {Association for Computing Machinery},
        doi = {10.1145/3299869.3319860},
        url = {https://dl.acm.org/doi/10.1145/3299869.3319860},
        year = {2019}
}

Incoming Citations (Sorted by Pagerank)

Showing 50 of 70 citing papers.

Rank Citing Paper Year Venue Pagerank
427 ALEX: An Updatable Adaptive Learned Index 2020 SIGMOD 0.00018429918
461 The PGM-index: a fully-dynamic compressed learned index with provable worst-case bounds 2020 VLDB 0.00017835351
834 Benchmarking Learned Indexes 2021 VLDB 0.00013539098
1,190 Tsunami: A Learned Multi-dimensional Index for Correlated Data and Skewed Workloads 2021 VLDB 0.00011564169
1,529 Updatable Learned Index with Precise Positions 2021 VLDB 0.00010320909
1,884 Effectively Learning Spatial Indices 2020 VLDB 9.422145e-05
2,254 FINEdex: A Fine-grained Learned Index Scheme for Scalable and Concurrent Memory Systems 2022 VLDB 8.7429699e-05
2,590 Are Updatable Learned Indexes Ready? 2022 VLDB 8.2368464e-05
2,772 Instance-Optimized Data Layouts for Cloud Analytics Workloads 2021 SIGMOD 8.0148928e-05
2,844 SNARF: A Learning-Enhanced Range Filter 2022 VLDB 7.9291659e-05
2,870 APEX: A High-Performance Learned Index on Persistent Memory 2022 VLDB 7.9033232e-05
3,249 TreeLine: An Update-In-Place Key-Value Store for Modern Storage 2023 VLDB 7.4761584e-05
3,486 HUNTER: An Online Cloud Database Hybrid Tuning System for Personalized Requirements 2022 SIGMOD 7.2428834e-05
3,611 Plato: Approximate Analytics over Compressed Time Series with Tight Deterministic Error Guarantees 2020 VLDB 7.1443694e-05
3,632 Learned Index: A Comprehensive Experimental Evaluation 2023 VLDB 7.1274345e-05
3,715 The Case for a Learned Sorting Algorithm 2020 SIGMOD 7.0549546e-05
3,716 CARMI: A Cache-Aware Learned Index with a Cost-based Construction Algorithm 2022 VLDB 7.0541948e-05
4,169 LeCo: Lightweight Compression via Learning Serial Correlations 2024 SIGMOD 6.7526687e-05
4,385 NFL: Robust Learned Index via Distribution Transformation 2022 VLDB 6.613814e-05
4,389 DILI: A Distribution-Driven Learned Index 2023 VLDB 6.6111249e-05
4,549 One Model to Rule them All: Towards Zero-Shot Learning for Databases 2022 CIDR 6.5328866e-05
4,621 The Price of Tailoring the Index to Your Data: Poisoning Attacks on Learned Index Structures 2022 SIGMOD 6.4828493e-05
4,656 PLIN: A Persistent Learned Index for Non-Volatile Memory with High Performance and Instant Recovery 2023 VLDB 6.468994e-05
4,727 Hist-Tree: Those Who Ignore It Are Doomed to Learn 2021 CIDR 6.4327925e-05
4,771 GRF: A Global Range Filter for LSM-Trees with Shape Encoding 2024 SIGMOD 6.412225e-05
4,901 Oasis: An Optimal Disjoint Segmented Learned Range Filter 2024 VLDB 6.3483238e-05
5,397 Updatable Learned Indexes Meet Disk-Resident DBMS - From Evaluations to Design Choices 2023 SIGMOD 6.1347527e-05
5,421 FILM: a Fully Learned Index for Larger-than-Memory Databases 2023 VLDB 6.1231965e-05
5,687 HMAB: Self-Driving Hierarchy of Bandits for Integrated Physical Database Design Tuning 2023 VLDB 6.0201937e-05
5,713 PilotScope: Steering Databases with Machine Learning Drivers 2024 VLDB 6.0090633e-05
5,982 Towards instance-optimized data systems 2021 VLDB 5.9096991e-05
6,279 A Critical Analysis of Recursive Model Indexes 2022 VLDB 5.8090653e-05
6,604 LMSFC: A Novel Multidimensional Index based on Learned Monotonic Space Filling Curves 2023 VLDB 5.7196547e-05
6,622 Making In-Memory Learned Indexes Efficient on Disk 2024 SIGMOD 5.7136886e-05
6,712 MOST: Model-Based Compression with Outlier Storage for Time Series Data 2023 SIGMOD 5.6852386e-05
6,802 SALI: A Scalable Adaptive Learned Index Framework based on Probability Models 2023 SIGMOD 5.6623052e-05
6,889 Accelerating String-key Learned Index Structures via Memoization-based Incremental Training 2024 VLDB 5.6393954e-05
7,180 Adaptive Hybrid Indexes 2022 SIGMOD 5.5767825e-05
7,314 Hyper: A High-Performance and Memory-Efficient Learned Index via Hybrid Construction 2024 SIGMOD 5.5425359e-05
8,222 Sieve: A Learned Data-Skipping Index for Data Analytics 2023 VLDB 5.3585489e-05
8,223 Algorithmic Complexity Attacks on Dynamic Learned Indexes 2024 VLDB 5.3584214e-05
8,401 Tuning Hierarchical Learned Indexes on Disk and Beyond 2022 SIGMOD 5.3233821e-05
8,638 Limousine: Blending Learned and Classical Indexes to Self-Design Larger-than-Memory Cloud Storage Engines 2024 SIGMOD 5.2825944e-05
8,782 A New Paradigm in Tuning Learned Indexes: A Reinforcement Learning Enhanced Approach 2025 SIGMOD 5.2647219e-05
8,903 Why Are Learned Indexes So Effective but Sometimes Ineffective? 2025 VLDB 5.238416e-05
9,176 One Seed, Two Birds: A Unified Learned Structure for Exact and Approximate Counting 2024 SIGMOD 5.200391e-05
9,513 PriPL-Tree: Accurate Range Query for Arbitrary Distribution under Local Differential Privacy 2024 VLDB 5.151324e-05
9,627 Can Learned Indexes be Built Efficiently? A Deep Dive into Sampling Trade-offs 2024 SIGMOD 5.1369088e-05
9,778 LES3: Learning-based Exact Set Similarity Search 2021 VLDB 5.115551e-05
9,814 Understanding Robustness Issues of Updatable Learned Indexes: [Experiments & Analysis] 2026 SIGMOD 5.1121061e-05
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Outgoing Citations (Sorted by Pagerank)

Showing 19 of 19 cited papers.

Citations counted here include only citations to other VLDB/SIGMOD/CIDR/PODS papers in this database.

Rank Cited Paper Year Venue Pagerank
34 The Design Of Postgres 1986 SIGMOD 0.00049063803
40 The Case for Learned Index Structures 2018 SIGMOD 0.00046249672
216 Small Materialized Aggregates: A Light Weight Index Structure for Data Warehousing 1998 VLDB 0.00024446892
253 Database Cracking 2007 CIDR 0.00023037921
280 FAST: Fast Architecture Sensitive Tree Search on Modern CPUs and GPUs 2010 SIGMOD 0.00022267903
402 Monkey: Optimal Navigable Key-Value Store 2017 SIGMOD 0.00019070605
776 Bitmap Index Design and Evaluation 1998 SIGMOD 0.0001406101
812 Dimensionality Reduction for Similarity Searching in Dynamic Databases 1998 SIGMOD 0.00013710393
959 RDF-3X: a RISC-style Engine for RDF 2008 VLDB 0.00012825889
964 Reducing the Storage Overhead of Main-Memory OLTP Databases with Hybrid Indexes 2016 SIGMOD 0.00012798312
1,507 BF-Tree: Approximate Tree Indexing 2014 VLDB 0.0001041737
1,658 Efficient Parallel Lists Intersection and Index Compression Algorithms using Graphics Processing Units 2011 VLDB 9.945593e-05
1,723 Online Piece-wise Linear Approximation of Numerical Streams with Precision Guarantees 2009 VLDB 9.7807441e-05
1,902 Performance Measurements of Compressed Bitmap Indices 1999 VLDB 9.3884754e-05
2,337 Correlation Maps: A Compressed Access Method for Exploiting Soft Functional Dependencies 2009 VLDB 8.6002736e-05
3,428 Revisiting Reuse for Approximate Query Processing 2017 VLDB 7.2957009e-05
3,601 Two Birds, One Stone: A Fast, yet Lightweight, Indexing Scheme for Modern Database Systems 2017 VLDB 7.1582591e-05
4,789 UpBit: Scalable In-Memory Updatable Bitmap Indexing 2016 SIGMOD 6.4016324e-05
4,897 Design Tradeoffs of Data Access Methods 2016 SIGMOD 6.3489205e-05
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