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FITing-Tree: A Data-aware Index Structure

Summary: FITing-Tree presents a data-aware index that uses piecewise-linear approximations bounded by a tunable error. A cost model selects the error to balance lookup latency and storage, delivering near full-index performance with orders of magnitude less memory on real datasets. (summarized by gpt-5-nano on Feb 09 2026)

Paper ID
h9761bd39cb86219d
Venue
SIGMOD
Year
2019
Pagerank
0.00014030069
Overall Rank
779 | 94.77%
DOI
10.1145/3299869.3319860

Incoming Non-self Citations Over Time

Authors

BibTeX Citation

@inproceedings{galakatos_sigmod19,
        title = {{FITing-Tree: A Data-aware Index Structure}},
        author = {Galakatos, Alex and Markovitch, Michael and Binnig, Carsten and Fonseca, Rodrigo and Kraska, Tim},
        series = {{SIGMOD} '19},
        booktitle = {Proceedings of the {ACM} {SIGMOD} International Conference on Management of Data},
        publisher = {Association for Computing Machinery},
        doi = {10.1145/3299869.3319860},
        url = {https://dl.acm.org/doi/10.1145/3299869.3319860},
        year = {2019}
}

Incoming Citations (Sorted by Pagerank)

Showing 50 of 69 citing papers.

Rank Citing Paper Year Venue Pagerank
430 ALEX: An Updatable Adaptive Learned Index 2020 SIGMOD 0.00018409112
463 The PGM-index: a fully-dynamic compressed learned index with provable worst-case bounds 2020 VLDB 0.00017804544
848 Benchmarking Learned Indexes 2021 VLDB 0.00013506188
1,191 Tsunami: A Learned Multi-dimensional Index for Correlated Data and Skewed Workloads 2021 VLDB 0.00011590153
1,550 Updatable Learned Index with Precise Positions 2021 VLDB 0.00010282449
1,878 Effectively Learning Spatial Indices 2020 VLDB 9.4451309e-05
2,277 FINEdex: A Fine-grained Learned Index Scheme for Scalable and Concurrent Memory Systems 2022 VLDB 8.7075835e-05
2,636 Are Updatable Learned Indexes Ready? 2022 VLDB 8.1941043e-05
2,765 Instance-Optimized Data Layouts for Cloud Analytics Workloads 2021 SIGMOD 8.0439015e-05
2,837 SNARF: A Learning-Enhanced Range Filter 2022 VLDB 7.9527715e-05
2,866 APEX: A High-Performance Learned Index on Persistent Memory 2022 VLDB 7.9258875e-05
3,232 TreeLine: An Update-In-Place Key-Value Store for Modern Storage 2023 VLDB 7.50343e-05
3,486 HUNTER: An Online Cloud Database Hybrid Tuning System for Personalized Requirements 2022 SIGMOD 7.2636102e-05
3,613 Plato: Approximate Analytics over Compressed Time Series with Tight Deterministic Error Guarantees 2020 VLDB 7.162283e-05
3,697 Learned Index: A Comprehensive Experimental Evaluation 2023 VLDB 7.0882335e-05
3,714 The Case for a Learned Sorting Algorithm 2020 SIGMOD 7.0769061e-05
3,803 CARMI: A Cache-Aware Learned Index with a Cost-based Construction Algorithm 2022 VLDB 7.0127652e-05
4,153 LeCo: Lightweight Compression via Learning Serial Correlations 2024 SIGMOD 6.776246e-05
4,375 DILI: A Distribution-Driven Learned Index 2023 VLDB 6.6292167e-05
4,508 NFL: Robust Learned Index via Distribution Transformation 2022 VLDB 6.5704964e-05
4,538 One Model to Rule them All: Towards Zero-Shot Learning for Databases 2022 CIDR 6.553705e-05
4,616 The Price of Tailoring the Index to Your Data: Poisoning Attacks on Learned Index Structures 2022 SIGMOD 6.5000712e-05
4,641 PLIN: A Persistent Learned Index for Non-Volatile Memory with High Performance and Instant Recovery 2023 VLDB 6.4899953e-05
4,721 Hist-Tree: Those Who Ignore It Are Doomed to Learn 2021 CIDR 6.4541703e-05
4,750 GRF: A Global Range Filter for LSM-Trees with Shape Encoding 2024 SIGMOD 6.4354422e-05
4,875 Oasis: An Optimal Disjoint Segmented Learned Range Filter 2024 VLDB 6.3724016e-05
5,537 Updatable Learned Indexes Meet Disk-Resident DBMS - From Evaluations to Design Choices 2023 SIGMOD 6.0919359e-05
5,571 FILM: a Fully Learned Index for Larger-than-Memory Databases 2023 VLDB 6.080267e-05
5,674 HMAB: Self-Driving Hierarchy of Bandits for Integrated Physical Database Design Tuning 2023 VLDB 6.0430252e-05
5,871 PilotScope: Steering Databases with Machine Learning Drivers 2024 VLDB 5.9639223e-05
5,974 Towards instance-optimized data systems 2021 VLDB 5.9305575e-05
6,274 A Critical Analysis of Recursive Model Indexes 2022 VLDB 5.8271888e-05
6,595 LMSFC: A Novel Multidimensional Index based on Learned Monotonic Space Filling Curves 2023 VLDB 5.7413481e-05
6,694 MOST: Model-Based Compression with Outlier Storage for Time Series Data 2023 SIGMOD 5.7068014e-05
6,821 Making In-Memory Learned Indexes Efficient on Disk 2024 SIGMOD 5.6720444e-05
6,863 Accelerating String-key Learned Index Structures via Memoization-based Incremental Training 2024 VLDB 5.6607844e-05
7,018 SALI: A Scalable Adaptive Learned Index Framework based on Probability Models 2023 SIGMOD 5.619958e-05
7,154 Adaptive Hybrid Indexes 2022 SIGMOD 5.597934e-05
7,535 Hyper: A High-Performance and Memory-Efficient Learned Index via Hybrid Construction 2024 SIGMOD 5.5003117e-05
8,199 Sieve: A Learned Data-Skipping Index for Data Analytics 2023 VLDB 5.3788727e-05
8,200 Algorithmic Complexity Attacks on Dynamic Learned Indexes 2024 VLDB 5.3787447e-05
8,378 Tuning Hierarchical Learned Indexes on Disk and Beyond 2022 SIGMOD 5.3433888e-05
8,620 Limousine: Blending Learned and Classical Indexes to Self-Design Larger-than-Memory Cloud Storage Engines 2024 SIGMOD 5.301557e-05
8,753 A New Paradigm in Tuning Learned Indexes: A Reinforcement Learning Enhanced Approach 2025 SIGMOD 5.2846898e-05
8,873 Why Are Learned Indexes So Effective but Sometimes Ineffective? 2025 VLDB 5.2582842e-05
9,145 One Seed, Two Birds: A Unified Learned Structure for Exact and Approximate Counting 2024 SIGMOD 5.220115e-05
9,473 PriPL-Tree: Accurate Range Query for Arbitrary Distribution under Local Differential Privacy 2024 VLDB 5.1708619e-05
9,593 Can Learned Indexes be Built Efficiently? A Deep Dive into Sampling Trade-offs 2024 SIGMOD 5.156392e-05
9,741 LES3: Learning-based Exact Set Similarity Search 2021 VLDB 5.1349531e-05
9,777 Understanding Robustness Issues of Updatable Learned Indexes: [Experiments & Analysis] 2026 SIGMOD 5.1314952e-05
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Outgoing Citations (Sorted by Pagerank)

Showing 19 of 19 cited papers.

Citations counted here include only citations to other VLDB/SIGMOD/CIDR/PODS papers in this database.

Rank Cited Paper Year Venue Pagerank
34 The Design Of Postgres 1986 SIGMOD 0.00049142315
40 The Case for Learned Index Structures 2018 SIGMOD 0.00046284649
216 Small Materialized Aggregates: A Light Weight Index Structure for Data Warehousing 1998 VLDB 0.00024485024
253 Database Cracking 2007 CIDR 0.00023042111
282 FAST: Fast Architecture Sensitive Tree Search on Modern CPUs and GPUs 2010 SIGMOD 0.00022264207
400 Monkey: Optimal Navigable Key-Value Store 2017 SIGMOD 0.00019129175
773 Bitmap Index Design and Evaluation 1998 SIGMOD 0.00014084831
811 Dimensionality Reduction for Similarity Searching in Dynamic Databases 1998 SIGMOD 0.00013745617
954 RDF-3X: a RISC-style Engine for RDF 2008 VLDB 0.00012867202
971 Reducing the Storage Overhead of Main-Memory OLTP Databases with Hybrid Indexes 2016 SIGMOD 0.00012766019
1,510 BF-Tree: Approximate Tree Indexing 2014 VLDB 0.00010438563
1,671 Efficient Parallel Lists Intersection and Index Compression Algorithms using Graphics Processing Units 2011 VLDB 9.9310625e-05
1,713 Online Piece-wise Linear Approximation of Numerical Streams with Precision Guarantees 2009 VLDB 9.8143771e-05
1,896 Performance Measurements of Compressed Bitmap Indices 1999 VLDB 9.4099587e-05
2,329 Correlation Maps: A Compressed Access Method for Exploiting Soft Functional Dependencies 2009 VLDB 8.6292256e-05
3,419 Revisiting Reuse for Approximate Query Processing 2017 VLDB 7.3190065e-05
3,597 Two Birds, One Stone: A Fast, yet Lightweight, Indexing Scheme for Modern Database Systems 2017 VLDB 7.1788912e-05
4,810 UpBit: Scalable In-Memory Updatable Bitmap Indexing 2016 SIGMOD 6.4050834e-05
4,885 Design Tradeoffs of Data Access Methods 2016 SIGMOD 6.3706825e-05
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