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Cost-based or Learning-based? A Hybrid Query Optimizer for Query Plan Selection

Summary: Hybrid query optimization combines learning-generated hints with cost-based completion to produce candidate plans. An uncertainty-aware runtime model selects among them, improving robustness on dynamic workloads and cutting PostgreSQL total latency 25% and tail latency 65%. (summarized by gpt-5.6-luna on Jul 24 2026)

Paper ID
he1e5596e3f13b8bc
Venue
VLDB
Year
2022
Pagerank
8.1068354e-05
Overall Rank
2,696 | 81.93%
DOI
10.14778/3565838.3565846
PDF
Download (CC BY-NC-ND 4.0)

Incoming Non-self Citations Over Time

Authors

BibTeX Citation

@article{yu_vldb22,
        title = {{Cost-based or Learning-based? A Hybrid Query Optimizer for Query Plan Selection}},
        author = {Yu, Xiang and Chai, Chengliang and Li, Guoliang and Liu, Jiabin},
        journal = {PVLDB},
        series = {{VLDB} '22},
        volume = {15},
        number = {13},
        pages = {3924--3936},
        doi = {10.14778/3565838.3565846},
        url = {https://doi.org/10.14778/3565838.3565846},
        year = {2022}
}

Incoming Citations (Sorted by Pagerank)

Showing 36 of 36 citing papers.

Rank Citing Paper Year Venue Pagerank
3,632 Learned Index: A Comprehensive Experimental Evaluation 2023 VLDB 7.1274345e-05
4,351 Chat2Data: An Interactive Data Analysis System with RAG, Vector Databases and LLMs 2024 VLDB 6.634024e-05
4,683 AutoSteer: Learned Query Optimization for Any SQL Database 2023 VLDB 6.4545989e-05
5,245 FASTgres: Making Learned Query Optimizer Hinting Effective 2023 VLDB 6.1995935e-05
5,453 Eraser: Eliminating Performance Regression on Learned Query Optimizer 2024 VLDB 6.1077838e-05
5,457 Sample-Efficient Cardinality Estimation Using Geometric Deep Learning 2024 VLDB 6.1058928e-05
5,713 PilotScope: Steering Databases with Machine Learning Drivers 2024 VLDB 6.0090633e-05
5,794 Lemo: A Cache-Enhanced Learned Optimizer for Concurrent Queries 2023 SIGMOD 5.9759435e-05
6,109 Is Your Learned Query Optimizer Behaving As You Expect? A Machine Learning Perspective 2024 VLDB 5.8676956e-05
6,584 Can Large Language Models Be Query Optimizer for Relational Databases? 2026 SIGMOD 5.72395e-05
6,646 Join Order Selection with Deep Reinforcement Learning: Fundamentals, Techniques, and Challenges 2023 VLDB 5.7053761e-05
7,281 Learned Data-aware Image Representations of Line Charts for Similarity Search 2023 SIGMOD 5.5510601e-05
7,561 Learned Offline Query Planning via Bayesian Optimization 2025 SIGMOD 5.4784915e-05
8,225 Grep: A Graph Learning Based Database Partitioning System 2023 SIGMOD 5.3583852e-05
8,389 GenJoin: Conditional Generative Plan-to-Plan Query Optimizer that Learns from Subplan Hints 2026 SIGMOD 5.3250456e-05
8,657 LIMAO: A Framework for Lifelong Modular Learned Query Optimization 2025 VLDB 5.2790784e-05
8,825 PACE: Poisoning Attacks on Learned Cardinality Estimation 2024 SIGMOD 5.2543246e-05
8,908 Spatial Query Optimization With Learning 2024 VLDB 5.2369727e-05
9,213 FEBench: A Benchmark for Real-Time Relational Data Feature Extraction 2023 VLDB 5.1926696e-05
9,662 Low Rank Learning for Offline Query Optimization 2025 SIGMOD 5.1283524e-05
9,995 Graph Transformers for Query Plan Representation: Potentials and Challenges 2025 VLDB 5.0845476e-05
10,370 An Elephant Under The Microscope: Analyzing The Interaction Of Optimizer Components In PostgreSQL 2025 SIGMOD 5.0010514e-05
10,490 Are Learned DBMS Components Robust to Workload Drift?: [Experiments & Analysis] 2026 SIGMOD 4.9605343e-05
10,561 NeurBench: A Benchmark Suite for Learned Database Components with Drift Modeling: [Experiments & Analysis] 2026 SIGMOD 4.9605343e-05
10,608 Rainbow: Risk-aware Index Benefit Estimation Facing Out Of Distribution Workloads 2026 SIGMOD 4.9605343e-05
10,668 SEFRQO: A Self-Evolving Fine-Tuned RAG-Based Query Optimizer 2026 SIGMOD 4.9605343e-05
10,705 Divo: Learning a Stable and Effective Query Optimizer with a Diverse Workload 2026 SIGMOD 4.9605343e-05
10,751 Reqo: A Comprehensive Learning-Based Cost Model for Robust and Explainable Query Optimization 2026 SIGMOD 4.9605343e-05
10,769 LIO: A lightweight and interpretable query optimizer based on an evolutionary forest 2026 VLDB 4.9605343e-05
10,771 Sample-based Distinct Cardinality Estimation for Multiple Attributes in Multi-Dataset Queries 2026 VLDB 4.9605343e-05
10,784 Robust Predicate Transfer with Dynamic Execution 2026 VLDB 4.9605343e-05
11,008 Towards Industrial-Scale Parametric Query Optimization 2026 VLDB 4.9605343e-05
11,347 Robust Plan Evaluation based on Approximate Probabilistic Machine Learning 2025 VLDB 4.9605343e-05
11,484 Learned Cost Models for Query Optimization: From Batch to Streaming Systems 2025 VLDB 4.9605343e-05
11,501 LEAP: A Low-cost Spark SQL Query Optimizer using Pairwise Comparison 2025 VLDB 4.9605343e-05
11,511 RankPQO: Learning-to-Rank for Parametric Query Optimization 2025 VLDB 4.9605343e-05
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Outgoing Citations (Sorted by Pagerank)

Showing 25 of 25 cited papers.

Citations counted here include only citations to other VLDB/SIGMOD/CIDR/PODS papers in this database.

Rank Cited Paper Year Venue Pagerank
1 Access Path Selection in a Relational Database Management System 1979 SIGMOD 0.0023948467
15 How Good Are Query Optimizers, Really? 2016 VLDB 0.00061463175
40 The Case for Learned Index Structures 2018 SIGMOD 0.00046249672
84 Learned Cardinalities: Estimating Correlated Joins with Deep Learning 2019 CIDR 0.00035920657
142 Neo: A Learned Query Optimizer 2019 VLDB 0.00029114937
320 DeepDB: Learn from Data, not from Queries! 2020 VLDB 0.00021128745
322 Measuring the Complexity of Join Enumeration in Query Optimization 1990 VLDB 0.00021032289
355 Bao: Making Learned Query Optimization Practical 2021 SIGMOD 0.00020146245
405 Deep Unsupervised Cardinality Estimation 2020 VLDB 0.00019020138
411 QTune: A Query-Aware Database Tuning System with Deep Reinforcement Learning 2019 VLDB 0.0001874043
453 An End-to-End Learning-based Cost Estimator 2020 VLDB 0.0001801482
508 NeuroCard: One Cardinality Estimator for All Tables 2021 VLDB 0.00017108973
545 Plan-Structured Deep Neural Network Models for Query Performance Prediction 2019 VLDB 0.0001657599
568 Towards a Robust Query Optimizer: A Principled and Practical Approach 2005 SIGMOD 0.00016221103
1,041 ARDA: Automatic Relational Data Augmentation for Machine Learning 2020 VLDB 0.00012334538
1,200 Towards Linear Algebra over Normalized Data 2017 VLDB 0.00011524945
1,609 SkinnerDB: Regret-Bounded Query Evaluation via Reinforcement Learning 2019 SIGMOD 0.0001007196
2,389 A Learned Query Rewrite System using Monte Carlo Tree Search 2022 VLDB 8.5228689e-05
2,523 Learned Cardinality Estimation: A Design Space Exploration and A Comparative Evaluation 2022 VLDB 8.3316032e-05
2,584 Fauce: Fast and Accurate Deep Ensembles with Uncertainty for Cardinality Estimation 2021 VLDB 8.2435322e-05
3,687 openGauss: An Autonomous Database System 2021 VLDB 7.0797286e-05
3,740 FACE: A Normalizing Flow based Cardinality Estimator 2022 VLDB 7.0398782e-05
4,508 LearnedSQLGen: Constraint-aware SQL Generation using Reinforcement Learning 2022 SIGMOD 6.5553854e-05
4,890 Selective Data Acquisition in the Wild for Model Charging 2022 VLDB 6.3508492e-05
6,654 Coresets over Multiple Tables for Feature-rich and Data-efficient Machine Learning 2023 VLDB 5.7038474e-05
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