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ALEX: An Updatable Adaptive Learned Index

Summary: Presents ALEX, an updatable adaptive learned index for mixed read/write workloads. Blends learned indexing with conventional storage to support updates; delivers up to 4.1x read speed and dramatically smaller index footprints vs B+Trees. (summarized by gpt-5-nano on Feb 09 2026)

Paper ID
5927
Venue
SIGMOD
Year
2020
Pagerank
0.00016237497
Overall Rank
819 | 94.31%
DOI
10.1145/3318464.3389711

Incoming Non-self Citations Over Time

Authors

Incoming Citations (Sorted by Pagerank)

Showing 45 of 95 citing papers.

Rank Citing Paper Year Venue Pagerank
8,219 PerfGuard: Deploying ML-for-Systems without Performance Regressions, Almost! 2021 VLDB 4.551524e-05
8,221 Sieve: A Learned Data-Skipping Index for Data Analytics 2023 VLDB 4.5511941e-05
8,365 NeurDB: On the Design and Implementation of an AI-powered Autonomous Database 2025 CIDR 4.5305127e-05
8,408 The next 50 Years in Database Indexing or: The Case for Automatically Generated Index Structures 2022 VLDB 4.5159669e-05
8,411 The Case for Learned In-Memory Joins 2023 VLDB 4.5151296e-05
8,434 SageDB: An Instance-Optimized Data Analytics System 2022 VLDB 4.5077955e-05
8,595 OptiQL: Robust Optimistic Locking for Memory-Optimized Indexes 2023 SIGMOD 4.4844188e-05
8,624 Limousine: Blending Learned and Classical Indexes to Self-Design Larger-than-Memory Cloud Storage Engines 2024 SIGMOD 4.4786127e-05
8,636 WISK: A Workload-aware Learned Index for Spatial Keyword Queries 2023 SIGMOD 4.4758336e-05
8,653 Adaptive Hybrid Indexes 2022 SIGMOD 4.4696663e-05
8,668 Algorithmic Complexity Attacks on Dynamic Learned Indexes 2024 VLDB 4.4671214e-05
8,811 Tuning Hierarchical Learned Indexes on Disk and Beyond 2022 SIGMOD 4.4398976e-05
8,990 The Past, Present and Future of Indexing on Persistent Memory 2022 VLDB 4.4115395e-05
9,093 AirIndex: Versatile Index Tuning Through Data and Storage 2023 SIGMOD 4.3932886e-05
9,121 External Merge Sort for Top-K Queries: Eager input filtering guided by histograms 2020 SIGMOD 4.3878169e-05
9,350 LIMAO: A Framework for Lifelong Modular Learned Query Optimization 2025 VLDB 4.3494621e-05
9,351 Can Learned Indexes be Built Efficiently? A Deep Dive into Sampling Trade-offs 2024 SIGMOD 4.3490308e-05
9,410 Revisiting B-tree Compression: An Experimental Study 2024 SIGMOD 4.3399748e-05
9,618 A New Paradigm in Tuning Learned Indexes: A Reinforcement Learning Enhanced Approach 2025 SIGMOD 4.3131993e-05
9,745 Why Are Learned Indexes So Effective but Sometimes Ineffective? 2025 VLDB 4.2856385e-05
9,826 PLATON: Top-down R-tree Packing with Learned Partition Policy 2023 SIGMOD 4.2710095e-05
9,841 Machine Unlearning in Learned Databases: An Experimental Analysis 2024 SIGMOD 4.2685233e-05
9,844 DumpKV: Learning based lifetime aware garbage collection for key value separation in LSM-tree 2025 VLDB 4.2680295e-05
9,891 DBMS Fitting: Why should we learn what we already know? 2020 CIDR 4.2573619e-05
9,902 Towards Systematic Index Dynamization 2024 VLDB 4.2539423e-05
10,032 Rainbow: Risk-aware Index Benefit Estimation Facing Out Of Distribution Workloads 2026 SIGMOD 4.1905499e-05
10,038 Understanding Robustness Issues of Updatable Learned Indexes: [Experiments & Analysis] 2026 SIGMOD 4.1905499e-05
10,087 High Performance or Low Memory? An Updatable Learned Index Framework for Time-Space Tradeoff 2026 SIGMOD 4.1905499e-05
10,169 From Learning to Recycling: A Log-Structured Learned-Less Index 2026 SIGMOD 4.1905499e-05
10,172 HIRE: A Hybrid Learned Index for Robust and Efficient Performance under Mixed Workloads 2026 SIGMOD 4.1905499e-05
10,174 IDAP++: Advancing Divergence-Aware Pruning with Joint Filter and Layer Optimization 2026 SIGMOD 4.1905499e-05
10,180 LM-Tree: A Hybrid Learned Index for Similarity Search in Metric Spaces 2026 SIGMOD 4.1905499e-05
10,305 Vodka: Rethink Benchmarking Philosophy in HTAP Systems 2026 VLDB 4.1905499e-05
10,324 A Workload-Aware Encrypted Index for Efficient Privacy-Preserving Range Queries 2026 VLDB 4.1905499e-05
10,331 LiBox: A Learned Index as an Array to Minimize Last-Mile Search 2026 VLDB 4.1905499e-05
10,407 VEGA: An Active-tuning Learned Index with Group-Wise Learning Granularity 2025 SIGMOD 4.1905499e-05
10,494 Femur: A Flexible Framework for Fast and Secure Querying from Public Key-Value Store 2025 SIGMOD 4.1905499e-05
10,571 FB+-tree: A Memory-Optimized B+-tree with Latch-Free Update 2025 VLDB 4.1905499e-05
10,706 Not Small Enough? SegPQ: A Learned Approach to Compress Product Quantization Codebooks 2025 VLDB 4.1905499e-05
10,719 DobLIX: A Dual-Objective Learned Index for Log-Structured Merge Trees 2025 VLDB 4.1905499e-05
10,876 LASER: Buffer-Aware Learned Query Scheduling in Master-Standby Databases 2025 VLDB 4.1905499e-05
10,952 SWIX: A Memory-efficient Sliding Window Learned Index 2024 SIGMOD 4.1905499e-05
11,253 Fast Search-By-Classification for Large-Scale Databases Using Index-Aware Decision Trees and Random Forests 2023 VLDB 4.1905499e-05
11,278 Route Travel Time Estimation on A Road Network Revisited: Heterogeneity, Proximity, Periodicity and Dynamicity 2023 VLDB 4.1905499e-05
11,508 LES3: Learning-based Exact Set Similarity Search 2021 VLDB 4.1905499e-05
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Outgoing Citations (Sorted by Pagerank)

Showing 17 of 17 cited papers.

Citations counted here include only citations to other VLDB/SIGMOD/CIDR/PODS papers in this database.

Rank Cited Paper Year Venue Pagerank
101 The Case for Learned Index Structures 2018 SIGMOD 0.00049778866
104 Making B+-Trees Cache Conscious in Main Memory 2000 SIGMOD 0.00049475932
203 Learned Cardinalities: Estimating Correlated Joins with Deep Learning 2019 CIDR 0.00034868567
240 Cache Conscious Indexing for Decision-Support in Main Memory 1999 VLDB 0.00031526134
329 Neo: A Learned Query Optimizer 2019 VLDB 0.00027301488
382 FAST: Fast Architecture Sensitive Tree Search on Modern CPUs and GPUs 2010 SIGMOD 0.00024888997
622 Improving Index Performance through Prefetching 2001 SIGMOD 0.00018976783
704 Query-based Workload Forecasting for Self-Driving Database Management Systems 2018 SIGMOD 0.00017785557
796 SageDB: A Learned Database System 2019 CIDR 0.00016541749
1,239 Selectivity Estimation for Range Predicates using Lightweight Models 2019 VLDB 0.00013091459
1,365 FITing-Tree: A Data-aware Index Structure 2019 SIGMOD 0.00012379754
1,464 Learning Multi-dimensional Indexes 2020 SIGMOD 0.0001184772
1,608 Qd-tree: Learning Data Layouts for Big Data Analytics 2020 SIGMOD 0.00011169837
1,909 BF-Tree: Approximate Tree Indexing 2014 VLDB 0.00010123661
2,734 Efficiently Searching In-Memory Sorted Arrays: Revenge of the Interpolation Search? 2019 SIGMOD 8.2082721e-05
2,868 Designing Succinct Secondary Indexing Mechanism by Exploiting Column Correlations 2019 SIGMOD 7.9856878e-05
3,365 An Adaptive Packed-Memory Array 2006 PODS 7.1675736e-05
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