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FLAT: Fast, Lightweight and Accurate Method for Cardinality Estimation

Summary: FLAT: FSPN, an unsupervised model blending independent and conditional factorizations for cardinality estimation. Near-linear online probability with updates enables fast single- and multi-table estimates; Postgres integration yields 12.9% gains. (summarized by gpt-5-nano on Feb 09 2026)

Paper ID
12338
Venue
VLDB
Year
2021
Pagerank
9.4645971e-05
Overall Rank
1,976 | 86.27%
DOI
10.14778/3461535.3461539

Incoming Non-self Citations Over Time

Authors

Incoming Citations (Sorted by Pagerank)

Showing 50 of 51 citing papers.

Rank Citing Paper Year Venue Pagerank
1,164 Cardinality Estimation in DBMS: A Comprehensive Benchmark Evaluation 2022 VLDB 0.00011978719
2,506 Lero: A Learning-to-Rank Query Optimizer 2023 VLDB 8.5603022e-05
2,533 Learned Cardinality Estimation: An In-depth Study 2022 SIGMOD 8.5233704e-05
2,662 Fauce: Fast and Accurate Deep Ensembles with Uncertainty for Cardinality Estimation 2021 VLDB 8.344893e-05
3,108 FactorJoin: A New Cardinality Estimation Framework for Join Queries 2023 SIGMOD 7.8122622e-05
3,475 Robust Query Driven Cardinality Estimation under Changing Workloads 2023 VLDB 7.4606119e-05
3,640 FACE: A Normalizing Flow based Cardinality Estimator 2022 VLDB 7.3040801e-05
4,507 LEON: A New Framework for ML-Aided Query Optimization 2023 VLDB 6.723287e-05
4,555 ALECE: An Attention-based Learned Cardinality Estimator for SPJ Queries on Dynamic Workloads 2024 VLDB 6.6989559e-05
5,206 Stage: Query Execution Time Prediction in Amazon Redshift 2024 SIGMOD 6.3868465e-05
5,366 Fine-Grained Modeling and Optimization for Intelligent Resource Management in Big Data Processing 2022 VLDB 6.3169865e-05
5,477 SafeBound: A Practical System for Generating Cardinality Bounds 2023 SIGMOD 6.2718956e-05
5,503 Eraser: Eliminating Performance Regression on Learned Query Optimizer 2024 VLDB 6.2627904e-05
5,640 Sample-Efficient Cardinality Estimation Using Geometric Deep Learning 2024 VLDB 6.2029974e-05
6,284 A Unified Transferable Model for ML-Enhanced DBMS 2022 CIDR 5.9902184e-05
6,313 Detect, Distill and Update: Learned DB Systems Facing Out of Distribution Data 2023 SIGMOD 5.976279e-05
6,373 PilotScope: Steering Databases with Machine Learning Drivers 2024 VLDB 5.9616981e-05
6,594 ASM: Harmonizing Autoregressive Model, Sampling, and Multi-dimensional Statistics Merging for Cardinality Estimation 2024 SIGMOD 5.8870191e-05
6,617 Debunking the Myth of Join Ordering: Toward Robust SQL Analytics 2025 SIGMOD 5.8811727e-05
6,698 Speeding Up End-to-end Query Execution via Learning-based Progressive Cardinality Estimation 2023 SIGMOD 5.8569921e-05
6,743 LpBound: Pessimistic Cardinality Estimation using ℓp-Norms of Degree Sequences 2025 SIGMOD 5.8435982e-05
6,970 Refactoring Index Tuning Process with Benefit Estimation 2024 VLDB 5.7967533e-05
7,175 Learning to be a Statistician: Learned Estimator for Number of Distinct Values 2022 VLDB 5.73923e-05
7,371 Disclosure-Compliant Query Answering 2024 SIGMOD 5.6897772e-05
7,912 PerfGuard: Deploying ML-for-Systems without Performance Regressions, Almost! 2021 VLDB 5.587029e-05
8,472 A Spark Optimizer for Adaptive, Fine-Grained Parameter Tuning 2024 VLDB 5.4888877e-05
8,490 Convolution and Cross-Correlation of Count Sketches Enables Fast Cardinality Estimation of Multi-Join Queries 2024 SIGMOD 5.4868152e-05
8,723 ByteCard: Enhancing ByteDance’s Data Warehouse with Learned Cardinality Estimation 2024 SIGMOD 5.4407297e-05
8,724 Learning-based Property Estimation with Polynomials 2024 SIGMOD 5.4407297e-05
9,290 LIMAO: A Framework for Lifelong Modular Learned Query Optimization 2025 VLDB 5.3525489e-05
9,481 Spatial Query Optimization With Learning 2024 VLDB 5.3246578e-05
9,579 Approximate Sketches 2024 SIGMOD 5.3118431e-05
9,649 Selectivity Estimation for Queries Containing Predicates over Set-Valued Attributes 2023 SIGMOD 5.3001368e-05
9,819 Athena: An Effective Learning-based Framework for Query Optimizer Performance Improvement 2025 SIGMOD 5.2648912e-05
9,840 Machine Unlearning in Learned Databases: An Experimental Analysis 2024 SIGMOD 5.2620192e-05
9,843 Path-centric Cardinality Estimation for Subgraph Matching 2025 VLDB 5.2617062e-05
9,873 PRICE: A Pretrained Model for Cross-Database Cardinality Estimation 2025 VLDB 5.2547389e-05
9,959 An Elephant Under The Microscope: Analyzing The Interaction Of Optimizer Components In PostgreSQL 2025 SIGMOD 5.2142386e-05
10,018 GenJoin: Conditional Generative Plan-to-Plan Query Optimizer that Learns from Subplan Hints 2026 SIGMOD 5.1725247e-05
10,219 Practical Parameterized Query Optimization via Efficient Plan Reuse and List-wise Ranking 2026 SIGMOD 5.1725247e-05
10,265 AQD: Online Adaptive Query Dispatcher for HTAP Databases 2026 VLDB 5.1725247e-05
10,271 OBELISK: Efficient Offline Query Planning with Bayesian Optimization-Informed Language Model Reasoning 2026 VLDB 5.1725247e-05
10,455 LpBound in Action: Cardinality Estimation with One-Sided Guarantees 2025 SIGMOD 5.1725247e-05
10,491 FAAQP: Fast and Accurate Approximate Query Processing based on Bitmap-augmented Sum-Product Network 2025 SIGMOD 5.1725247e-05
10,598 ACE: A Cardinality Estimator for Set-Valued Queries 2025 VLDB 5.1725247e-05
10,647 Cardinality Estimation for Having-Clauses 2025 VLDB 5.1725247e-05
10,837 Cardinality Estimation for Similarity Search on High-Dimensional Data Objects: The Impact of Reference Objects 2025 VLDB 5.1725247e-05
10,863 Graph Transformers for Query Plan Representation: Potentials and Challenges 2025 VLDB 5.1725247e-05
10,872 LEAP: A Low-cost Spark SQL Query Optimizer using Pairwise Comparison 2025 VLDB 5.1725247e-05
10,945 Sub-optimal Join Order Identification with L1-error 2024 SIGMOD 5.1725247e-05
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Outgoing Citations (Sorted by Pagerank)

Showing 27 of 27 cited papers.

Citations counted here include only citations to other VLDB/SIGMOD/CIDR/PODS papers in this database.

Rank Cited Paper Year Venue Pagerank
1 Access Path Selection in a Relational Database Management System 1979 SIGMOD 0.0024179717
20 How Good Are Query Optimizers, Really? 2016 VLDB 0.00058294381
25 Spark SQL: Relational Data Processing in Spark 2015 SIGMOD 0.00055280049
45 The Case for Learned Index Structures 2018 SIGMOD 0.0004530684
86 Learned Cardinalities: Estimating Correlated Joins with Deep Learning 2019 CIDR 0.0003577267
89 Automatic Database Management System Tuning Through Large-scale Machine Learning 2017 SIGMOD 0.00035598024
98 On the Propagation of Errors in the Size of Join Results 1991 SIGMOD 0.00034732081
99 LEO - DB2's LEarning Optimizer 2001 VLDB 0.00034651834
100 Selectivity Estimation Without the Attribute Value Independence Assumption 1997 VLDB 0.00034549997
157 Neo: A Learned Query Optimizer 2019 VLDB 0.00028782395
274 Selectivity Estimation using Probabilistic Models 2001 SIGMOD 0.00022678252
328 DeepDB: Learn from Data, not from Queries! 2020 VLDB 0.00021121613
360 STHoles: A Multidimensional Workload-Aware Histogram 2001 SIGMOD 0.00020269545
411 Deep Unsupervised Cardinality Estimation 2020 VLDB 0.00019014394
524 NeuroCard: One Cardinality Estimator for All Tables 2021 VLDB 0.00017177356
685 Independence is Good: Dependency-Based Histogram Synopses for High-Dimensional Data 2001 SIGMOD 0.00015100765
702 Cardinality Estimation Done Right: Index-Based Join Sampling 2017 CIDR 0.00014941084
715 Selectivity Estimation for Range Predicates using Lightweight Models 2019 VLDB 0.0001480646
837 Approximating Multi-Dimensional Aggregate Range Queries Over Real Attributes 2000 SIGMOD 0.00013759323
839 Random Sampling over Joins Revisited 2018 SIGMOD 0.00013751264
915 Learning Multi-dimensional Indexes 2020 SIGMOD 0.00013295102
1,053 Are We Ready For Learned Cardinality Estimation? 2021 VLDB 0.00012504851
1,081 Lightweight Graphical Models for Selectivity Estimation Without Independence Assumptions 2011 VLDB 0.00012387181
1,468 Towards a Learning Optimizer for Shared Clouds 2019 VLDB 0.00010750589
1,489 Self-Tuning, GPU-Accelerated Kernel Density Models for Multidimensional Selectivity Estimation 2015 SIGMOD 0.00010670879
1,978 Database Learning: Toward a Database that Becomes Smarter Every Time 2017 SIGMOD 9.4626567e-05
2,185 Estimating Join Selectivities using Bandwidth-Optimized Kernel Density Models 2017 VLDB 9.0583954e-05
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