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Cardinality Estimation in DBMS: A Comprehensive Benchmark Evaluation

Summary: Comprehensive real-DBMS benchmark of cardinality estimators, integrating representative methods into PostgreSQL over STATS/STATS-CEB. Shows Q-Error poorly predicts plan quality and introduces P-Error, an end-to-end metric aligned with optimizer performance. (summarized by gpt-5.6-luna on Jul 24 2026)

Paper ID
h935c03f6a9a3f706
Venue
VLDB
Year
2022
Pagerank
0.00012677179
Overall Rank
983 | 93.42%
DOI
10.14778/3503585.3503586
PDF
Download (CC BY-NC-ND 4.0)

Incoming Non-self Citations Over Time

Authors

BibTeX Citation

@article{han_vldb22,
        title = {{Cardinality Estimation in DBMS: A Comprehensive Benchmark Evaluation}},
        author = {Han, Yuxing and Wu, Ziniu and Wu, Peizhi and Zhu, Rong and Yang, Jingyi and Tan, Liang Wei and Zeng, Kai and Cong, Gao and Qin, Yanzhao and Pfadler, Andreas and Qian, Zhengping and Zhou, Jingren and Li, Jiangneng and Cui, Bin},
        journal = {PVLDB},
        series = {{VLDB} '22},
        volume = {15},
        number = {4},
        pages = {752--765},
        doi = {10.14778/3503585.3503586},
        url = {https://doi.org/10.14778/3503585.3503586},
        year = {2022}
}

Incoming Citations (Sorted by Pagerank)

Showing 50 of 80 citing papers.

Rank Citing Paper Year Venue Pagerank
2,190 Lero: A Learning-to-Rank Query Optimizer 2023 VLDB 8.8848923e-05
2,852 FactorJoin: A New Cardinality Estimation Framework for Join Queries 2023 SIGMOD 7.9201312e-05
3,242 Opportunities for Quantum Acceleration of Databases: Optimization of Queries and Transaction Schedules 2023 VLDB 7.4811797e-05
3,269 Robust Query Driven Cardinality Estimation under Changing Workloads 2023 VLDB 7.463682e-05
3,909 SQLStorm: Taking Database Benchmarking into the LLM Era 2025 VLDB 6.9127576e-05
4,202 Kepler: Robust Learning for Faster Parametric Query Optimization 2023 SIGMOD 6.7258607e-05
4,247 LEON: A New Framework for ML-Aided Query Optimization 2023 VLDB 6.6920059e-05
4,315 ALECE: An Attention-based Learned Cardinality Estimator for SPJ Queries on Dynamic Workloads 2024 VLDB 6.6545412e-05
4,508 LearnedSQLGen: Constraint-aware SQL Generation using Reinforcement Learning 2022 SIGMOD 6.5553854e-05
4,833 Stage: Query Execution Time Prediction in Amazon Redshift 2024 SIGMOD 6.3834856e-05
4,882 LpBound: Pessimistic Cardinality Estimation using ℓp-Norms of Degree Sequences 2025 SIGMOD 6.3565046e-05
5,044 Analyzing the Impact of Cardinality Estimation on Execution Plans in Microsoft SQL Server 2023 VLDB 6.2888728e-05
5,075 SafeBound: A Practical System for Generating Cardinality Bounds 2023 SIGMOD 6.2721634e-05
5,453 Eraser: Eliminating Performance Regression on Learned Query Optimizer 2024 VLDB 6.1077838e-05
5,457 Sample-Efficient Cardinality Estimation Using Geometric Deep Learning 2024 VLDB 6.1058928e-05
5,484 A Comparative Study and Component Analysis of Query Plan Representation Techniques in ML4DB Studies 2024 VLDB 6.0980944e-05
5,713 PilotScope: Steering Databases with Machine Learning Drivers 2024 VLDB 6.0090633e-05
5,925 Join Size Bounds using l_p-Norms on Degree Sequences 2024 PODS 5.9282898e-05
6,109 Is Your Learned Query Optimizer Behaving As You Expect? A Machine Learning Perspective 2024 VLDB 5.8676956e-05
6,121 Breaking It Down: An In-depth Study of Index Advisors 2024 VLDB 5.863893e-05
6,402 A Unified Transferable Model for ML-Enhanced DBMS 2022 CIDR 5.7800842e-05
6,672 Speeding Up End-to-end Query Execution via Learning-based Progressive Cardinality Estimation 2023 SIGMOD 5.6975871e-05
6,826 Instance-Optimal Acyclic Join Processing Without Regret: Engineering the Yannakakis Algorithm in Column Stores 2025 VLDB 5.6566963e-05
6,840 ASM: Harmonizing Autoregressive Model, Sampling, and Multi-dimensional Statistics Merging for Cardinality Estimation 2024 SIGMOD 5.6513231e-05
6,906 LPLM: A Neural Language Model for Cardinality Estimation of LIKE-Queries 2024 SIGMOD 5.634971e-05
7,363 Blueprinting the Cloud: Unifying and Automatically Optimizing Cloud Data Infrastructures with BRAD 2024 VLDB 5.5279826e-05
7,587 Convolution and Cross-Correlation of Count Sketches Enables Fast Cardinality Estimation of Multi-Join Queries 2024 SIGMOD 5.4745198e-05
7,666 Disclosure-Compliant Query Answering 2024 SIGMOD 5.4565877e-05
7,936 Avoiding Materialisation for Guarded Aggregate Queries 2025 VLDB 5.4070923e-05
8,412 PARQO: Penalty-Aware Robust Plan Selection in Query Optimization 2024 VLDB 5.3211467e-05
8,825 PACE: Poisoning Attacks on Learned Cardinality Estimation 2024 SIGMOD 5.2543246e-05
9,011 Improving DBMS Scheduling Decisions with Accurate Performance Prediction on Concurrent Queries 2025 VLDB 5.2238303e-05
9,031 ByteCard: Enhancing ByteDance’s Data Warehouse with Learned Cardinality Estimation 2024 SIGMOD 5.219814e-05
9,141 Presto’s History-based Query Optimizer 2024 VLDB 5.2078543e-05
9,407 Efficient and Effective Cardinality Estimation for Skyline Family 2023 SIGMOD 5.1672232e-05
9,518 LpBound in Action: Cardinality Estimation with One-Sided Guarantees 2025 SIGMOD 5.151324e-05
9,583 Athena: An Effective Learning-based Framework for Query Optimizer Performance Improvement 2025 SIGMOD 5.140977e-05
9,669 Poisson Sampling over Acyclic Joins 2026 SIGMOD 5.1275185e-05
9,753 A Practical Theory of Generalization in Selectivity Learning 2025 VLDB 5.1159926e-05
9,756 APQO: An Adaptive Framework for Parametric Query Optimization 2026 SIGMOD 5.115551e-05
9,767 PAR2QO: Parametric Penalty-Aware Robust Query Optimization 2025 VLDB 5.115551e-05
9,935 Approximate Sketches 2024 SIGMOD 5.0941477e-05
9,946 AgentTune: An Agent-Based Large Language Model Framework for Database Knob Tuning 2026 SIGMOD 5.0910746e-05
9,952 Cardinality Estimation for Similarity Search on High-Dimensional Data Objects: The Impact of Reference Objects 2025 VLDB 5.0910746e-05
9,983 Wred: Workload Reduction for Scalable Index Tuning 2024 SIGMOD 5.0860177e-05
10,014 Selectivity Estimation for Queries Containing Predicates over Set-Valued Attributes 2023 SIGMOD 5.0838565e-05
10,094 SPACE: Cardinality Estimation for Path Queries Using Cardinality-Aware Sequence-based Learning 2025 SIGMOD 5.068372e-05
10,143 Still Asking: How Good Are Query Optimizers, Really? 2025 VLDB 5.0597449e-05
10,221 Path-centric Cardinality Estimation for Subgraph Matching 2025 VLDB 5.0460607e-05
10,257 PRICE: A Pretrained Model for Cross-Database Cardinality Estimation 2025 VLDB 5.039379e-05
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Outgoing Citations (Sorted by Pagerank)

Showing 35 of 35 cited papers.

Citations counted here include only citations to other VLDB/SIGMOD/CIDR/PODS papers in this database.

Rank Cited Paper Year Venue Pagerank
1 Access Path Selection in a Relational Database Management System 1979 SIGMOD 0.0023948467
15 How Good Are Query Optimizers, Really? 2016 VLDB 0.00061463175
84 Learned Cardinalities: Estimating Correlated Joins with Deep Learning 2019 CIDR 0.00035920657
98 LEO - DB2's LEarning Optimizer 2001 VLDB 0.00034050614
103 Selectivity Estimation Without the Attribute Value Independence Assumption 1997 VLDB 0.00033847446
287 Selectivity Estimation using Probabilistic Models 2001 SIGMOD 0.00022060616
320 DeepDB: Learn from Data, not from Queries! 2020 VLDB 0.00021128745
372 STHoles: A Multidimensional Workload-Aware Histogram 2001 SIGMOD 0.00019768921
381 Preventing Bad Plans by Bounding the Impact of Cardinality Estimation Errors 2009 VLDB 0.00019497061
405 Deep Unsupervised Cardinality Estimation 2020 VLDB 0.00019020138
453 An End-to-End Learning-based Cost Estimator 2020 VLDB 0.0001801482
508 NeuroCard: One Cardinality Estimator for All Tables 2021 VLDB 0.00017108973
594 Wander Join: Online Aggregation via Random Walks 2016 SIGMOD 0.00015814493
689 Cardinality Estimation Done Right: Index-Based Join Sampling 2017 CIDR 0.00014725904
690 Selectivity Estimation for Range Predicates using Lightweight Models 2019 VLDB 0.00014703258
701 Independence is Good: Dependency-Based Histogram Synopses for High-Dimensional Data 2001 SIGMOD 0.0001464136
793 Random Sampling over Joins Revisited 2018 SIGMOD 0.00013903938
868 Approximating Multi-Dimensional Aggregate Range Queries Over Real Attributes 2000 SIGMOD 0.00013336675
1,061 Lightweight Graphical Models for Selectivity Estimation Without Independence Assumptions 2011 VLDB 0.00012207625
1,064 Are We Ready For Learned Cardinality Estimation? 2021 VLDB 0.00012181459
1,436 Towards a Learning Optimizer for Shared Clouds 2019 VLDB 0.00010658836
1,444 Pessimistic Cardinality Estimation: Tighter Upper Bounds for Intermediate Join Cardinalities 2019 SIGMOD 0.00010616242
1,511 Self-Tuning, GPU-Accelerated Kernel Density Models for Multidimensional Selectivity Estimation 2015 SIGMOD 0.00010408003
1,583 Deep Learning Models for Selectivity Estimation of Multi-Attribute Queries 2020 SIGMOD 0.00010148362
1,740 Flow-Loss: Learning Cardinality Estimates That Matter 2021 VLDB 9.7289523e-05
2,009 FLAT: Fast, Lightweight and Accurate Method for Cardinality Estimation 2021 VLDB 9.1813272e-05
2,228 Estimating Join Selectivities using Bandwidth-Optimized Kernel Density Models 2017 VLDB 8.7912743e-05
2,829 G-CARE: A Framework for Performance Benchmarking of Cardinality Estimation Techniques for Subgraph Matching 2020 SIGMOD 7.9469964e-05
3,060 A Unified Deep Model of Learning from both Data and Queries for Cardinality Estimation 2021 SIGMOD 7.6828463e-05
3,361 Exact Cardinality Query Optimization for Optimizer Testing 2009 VLDB 7.3621595e-05
3,555 Astrid: Accurate Selectivity Estimation for String Predicates using Deep Learning 2021 VLDB 7.1877332e-05
4,661 Efficient Join Synopsis Maintenance for Data Warehouse 2020 SIGMOD 6.4656621e-05
5,223 Exact Cardinality Query Optimization with Bounded Execution Cost 2019 SIGMOD 6.210331e-05
6,402 A Unified Transferable Model for ML-Enhanced DBMS 2022 CIDR 5.7800842e-05
8,517 SPRINTER: A Fast n-ary Join Query Processing Method for Complex OLAP Queries 2020 SIGMOD 5.3110227e-05
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