Learning Multi-dimensional Indexes

Summary: Flood is a learnable, in-memory multi-dimensional index that jointly optimizes structure and data layout to adapt to a dataset and workload. It delivers up to three orders of magnitude faster range scans than state-of-the-art alternatives, a building block for end-to-end learned DB systems. (summarized by gpt-5-nano on Feb 09 2026)

Paper ID: 5793
Venue: SIGMOD
Year: 2020
Pagerank: 0.00013295102
Overall Rank: 915 | 93.65%
DOI: 10.1145/3318464.3380579

Incoming Non-self Citations Over Time

Authors

Incoming Citations (Sorted by Pagerank)

Showing 50 of 70 citing papers.

Rank	Citing Paper	Year	Venue	Pagerank
485	ALEX: An Updatable Adaptive Learned Index	2020	SIGMOD	0.00017714392
923	Benchmarking Learned Indexes	2021	VLDB	0.00013252326
1,154	Qd-tree: Learning Data Layouts for Big Data Analytics	2020	SIGMOD	0.00012006358
1,217	Tsunami: A Learned Multi-dimensional Index for Correlated Data and Skewed Workloads	2021	VLDB	0.00011709392
1,742	Updatable Learned Index with Precise Positions	2021	VLDB	9.9382185e-05
1,933	Effectively Learning Spatial Indices	2020	VLDB	9.5367762e-05
1,976	FLAT: Fast, Lightweight and Accurate Method for Cardinality Estimation	2021	VLDB	9.4645971e-05
2,662	Fauce: Fast and Accurate Deep Ensembles with Uncertainty for Cardinality Estimation	2021	VLDB	8.344893e-05
2,850	AI Meets Database: AI4DB and DB4AI	2021	SIGMOD	8.1022388e-05
3,068	APEX: A High-Performance Learned Index on Persistent Memory	2022	VLDB	7.859091e-05
3,114	Instance-Optimized Data Layouts for Cloud Analytics Workloads	2021	SIGMOD	7.79794e-05
3,231	Are Updatable Learned Indexes Ready?	2022	VLDB	7.6889233e-05
3,292	CDFShop: Exploring and Optimizing Learned Index Structures	2020	SIGMOD	7.6154829e-05
3,755	Auto-WLM: Machine Learning Enhanced Workload Management in Amazon Redshift	2023	SIGMOD	7.2037909e-05
4,004	CARMI: A Cache-Aware Learned Index with a Cost-based Construction Algorithm	2022	VLDB	7.0365146e-05
4,256	Learned Index: A Comprehensive Experimental Evaluation	2023	VLDB	6.8662757e-05
4,291	Stable Learned Bloom Filters for Data Streams	2020	VLDB	6.849278e-05
4,445	Lightweight and Accurate Cardinality Estimation by Neural Network Gaussian Process	2022	SIGMOD	6.7542989e-05
4,598	DILI: A Distribution-Driven Learned Index	2023	VLDB	6.683617e-05
4,637	Hist-Tree: Those Who Ignore It Are Doomed to Learn	2021	CIDR	6.6558829e-05
4,661	The Price of Tailoring the Index to Your Data: Poisoning Attacks on Learned Index Structures	2022	SIGMOD	6.6386984e-05
4,700	The RLR-Tree: A Reinforcement Learning Based R-Tree for Spatial Data	2023	SIGMOD	6.619414e-05
4,742	Cuckoo Index: A Lightweight Secondary Index Structure	2020	VLDB	6.6007088e-05
4,901	Can Learned Models Replace Hash Functions?	2023	VLDB	6.5170528e-05
4,926	NFL: Robust Learned Index via Distribution Transformation	2022	VLDB	6.5064866e-05
5,074	LSched: A Workload-Aware Learned Query Scheduler for Analytical Database Systems	2022	SIGMOD	6.4411546e-05
5,096	LearnedSQLGen: Constraint-aware SQL Generation using Reinforcement Learning	2022	SIGMOD	6.4311239e-05
5,206	Stage: Query Execution Time Prediction in Amazon Redshift	2024	SIGMOD	6.3868465e-05
5,283	Machine Learning for Databases	2021	VLDB	6.3568612e-05
5,789	Updatable Learned Indexes Meet Disk-Resident DBMS - From Evaluations to Design Choices	2023	SIGMOD	6.1471889e-05
5,836	FILM: a Fully Learned Index for Larger-than-Memory Databases	2023	VLDB	6.1316846e-05
5,938	Towards instance-optimized data systems	2021	VLDB	6.097047e-05
5,999	Self-Organizing Data Containers	2022	CIDR	6.0775879e-05
6,284	A Unified Transferable Model for ML-Enhanced DBMS	2022	CIDR	5.9902184e-05
6,313	Detect, Distill and Update: Learned DB Systems Facing Out of Distribution Data	2023	SIGMOD	5.976279e-05
6,370	LMSFC: A Novel Multidimensional Index based on Learned Monotonic Space Filling Curves	2023	VLDB	5.9620077e-05
6,577	Replicated Layout for In-Memory Database Systems	2022	VLDB	5.8907959e-05
6,958	Making In-Memory Learned Indexes Efficient on Disk	2024	SIGMOD	5.7990776e-05
7,074	Modeling Shifting Workloads for Learned Database Systems	2024	SIGMOD	5.7634614e-05
7,245	LIDER: An Efficient High-dimensional Learned Index for Large-scale Dense Passage Retrieval	2023	VLDB	5.7182532e-05
7,521	SALI: A Scalable Adaptive Learned Index Framework based on Probability Models	2023	SIGMOD	5.6603106e-05
7,632	Blueprinting the Cloud: Unifying and Automatically Optimizing Cloud Data Infrastructures with BRAD	2024	VLDB	5.6369542e-05
7,721	Accelerating String-key Learned Index Structures via Memoization-based Incremental Training	2024	VLDB	5.6188321e-05
7,989	Automated Multidimensional Data Layouts in Amazon Redshift	2024	SIGMOD	5.5684692e-05
8,069	Waffle: A Workload-Aware and Query-Sensitive Framework for Disk-Based Spatial Indexing	2023	VLDB	5.5524111e-05
8,100	The Case for Learned In-Memory Joins	2023	VLDB	5.5455315e-05
8,212	SageDB: An Instance-Optimized Data Analytics System	2022	VLDB	5.534262e-05
8,443	WISK: A Workload-aware Learned Index for Spatial Keyword Queries	2023	SIGMOD	5.4946575e-05
8,500	Algorithmic Complexity Attacks on Dynamic Learned Indexes	2024	VLDB	5.4845183e-05
8,561	HAP: An Efficient Hamming Space Index Based on Augmented Pigeonhole Principle	2022	SIGMOD	5.4714744e-05

Outgoing Citations (Sorted by Pagerank)

Showing 19 of 19 cited papers.

Citations counted here include only citations to other VLDB/SIGMOD/CIDR/PODS papers in this database.

Rank	Cited Paper	Year	Venue	Pagerank
12	C-Store: A Column-oriented DBMS	2005	VLDB	0.00070779065
45	The Case for Learned Index Structures	2018	SIGMOD	0.0004530684
59	Differential Files: Their Application To The Maintenance Of Large Data Bases	1976	SIGMOD	0.00040188459
154	An Efficient, Cost-Driven Index Selection Tool for Microsoft SQL Server	1997	VLDB	0.00028960058
189	The Vertica Analytic Database: C-Store 7 Years Later	2012	VLDB	0.00026390332
257	Database Cracking	2007	CIDR	0.00023290946
461	Query-based Workload Forecasting for Self-Driving Database Management Systems	2018	SIGMOD	0.00018144613
485	ALEX: An Updatable Adaptive Learned Index	2020	SIGMOD	0.00017714392
569	SageDB: A Learned Database System	2019	CIDR	0.00016472308
644	Progressive Approximate Aggregate Queries with a Multi-Resolution Tree Structure	2001	SIGMOD	0.00015520834
1,081	Lightweight Graphical Models for Selectivity Estimation Without Independence Assumptions	2011	VLDB	0.00012387181
1,187	QuickSel: Quick Selectivity Learning with Mixture Models	2020	SIGMOD	0.00011849604
1,629	The Data Calculator*: Data Structure Design and Cost Synthesis from First Principles and Learned Cost Models	2018	SIGMOD	0.0001024133
1,660	Self-organizing Tuple Reconstruction in Column-stores	2009	SIGMOD	0.00010155775
2,139	Integrating the UB-Tree into a Database System Kernel	2000	VLDB	9.174314e-05
2,207	Designing Succinct Secondary Indexing Mechanism by Exploiting Column Correlations	2019	SIGMOD	9.0191421e-05
2,293	Correlation Maps: A Compressed Access Method for Exploiting Soft Functional Dependencies	2009	VLDB	8.8732019e-05
2,353	The Uncracked Pieces in Database Cracking	2014	VLDB	8.7809665e-05
5,173	Twin Grid Files: Space Optimizing Access Schemes	1988	SIGMOD	6.3992115e-05

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9,760	Adaptive Indexing of Objects with Spatial Extent	2023	VLDB	5.2759752e-05
2,606	On Effective Multi-Dimensional Indexing for Strings	2000	SIGMOD	8.42332e-05
923	Benchmarking Learned Indexes	2021	VLDB	0.00013252326
10,326	Index Intersection for High-Dimensional Range Queries	2026	VLDB	5.1725247e-05
3,231	Are Updatable Learned Indexes Ready?	2022	VLDB	7.6889233e-05
1,497	On the Analysis of Indexing Schemes	1997	PODS	0.00010658678
4,256	Learned Index: A Comprehensive Experimental Evaluation	2023	VLDB	6.8662757e-05
1,217	Tsunami: A Learned Multi-dimensional Index for Correlated Data and Skewed Workloads	2021	VLDB	0.00011709392
10,754	Benchmarking Adaptive Multidimensional Indices	2025	VLDB	5.1725247e-05