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Deep Unsupervised Cardinality Estimation

Summary: Deep autoregressive models for unsupervised cardinality estimation, no independence assumptions. Monte Carlo integration over autoregressors enables range queries across dimensions, delivering single-digit tail error and up to 90x gains vs baselines. (summarized by gpt-5-nano on Feb 09 2026)

Paper ID
12133
Venue
VLDB
Year
2020
Pagerank
0.00019014394
Overall Rank
411 | 97.15%
DOI
10.14778/3368289.3368294

Incoming Non-self Citations Over Time

Authors

Incoming Citations (Sorted by Pagerank)

Showing 50 of 101 citing papers.

Rank Citing Paper Year Venue Pagerank
328 DeepDB: Learn from Data, not from Queries! 2020 VLDB 0.00021121613
394 Bao: Making Learned Query Optimization Practical 2021 SIGMOD 0.00019400224
524 NeuroCard: One Cardinality Estimator for All Tables 2021 VLDB 0.00017177356
1,053 Are We Ready For Learned Cardinality Estimation? 2021 VLDB 0.00012504851
1,154 Qd-tree: Learning Data Layouts for Big Data Analytics 2020 SIGMOD 0.00012006358
1,164 Cardinality Estimation in DBMS: A Comprehensive Benchmark Evaluation 2022 VLDB 0.00011978719
1,371 Balsa: Learning a Query Optimizer Without Expert Demonstrations 2022 SIGMOD 0.00011100806
1,606 Deep Learning Models for Selectivity Estimation of Multi-Attribute Queries 2020 SIGMOD 0.00010308107
1,742 Updatable Learned Index with Precise Positions 2021 VLDB 9.9382185e-05
1,931 Flow-Loss: Learning Cardinality Estimates That Matter 2021 VLDB 9.5483519e-05
1,976 FLAT: Fast, Lightweight and Accurate Method for Cardinality Estimation 2021 VLDB 9.4645971e-05
2,506 Lero: A Learning-to-Rank Query Optimizer 2023 VLDB 8.5603022e-05
2,533 Learned Cardinality Estimation: An In-depth Study 2022 SIGMOD 8.5233704e-05
2,662 Fauce: Fast and Accurate Deep Ensembles with Uncertainty for Cardinality Estimation 2021 VLDB 8.344893e-05
2,682 A Learned Query Rewrite System using Monte Carlo Tree Search 2022 VLDB 8.3248096e-05
2,688 Learned Cardinality Estimation: A Design Space Exploration and A Comparative Evaluation 2022 VLDB 8.3172831e-05
2,689 Neural Subgraph Counting with Wasserstein Estimator 2022 SIGMOD 8.317052e-05
2,842 Cost-based or Learning-based? A Hybrid Query Optimizer for Query Plan Selection 2022 VLDB 8.1092924e-05
2,850 AI Meets Database: AI4DB and DB4AI 2021 SIGMOD 8.1022388e-05
3,041 A Unified Deep Model of Learning from both Data and Queries for Cardinality Estimation 2021 SIGMOD 7.8821124e-05
3,108 FactorJoin: A New Cardinality Estimation Framework for Join Queries 2023 SIGMOD 7.8122622e-05
3,114 Instance-Optimized Data Layouts for Cloud Analytics Workloads 2021 SIGMOD 7.79794e-05
3,150 Efficiently Approximating Selectivity Functions using Low Overhead Regression Models 2020 VLDB 7.7621739e-05
3,175 Correlation Sketches for Approximate Join-Correlation Queries 2021 SIGMOD 7.7393361e-05
3,229 A Learned Sketch for Subgraph Counting 2021 SIGMOD 7.6920894e-05
3,475 Robust Query Driven Cardinality Estimation under Changing Workloads 2023 VLDB 7.4606119e-05
3,525 Astrid: Accurate Selectivity Estimation for String Predicates using Deep Learning 2021 VLDB 7.4076098e-05
3,632 openGauss: An Autonomous Database System 2021 VLDB 7.3121856e-05
3,640 FACE: A Normalizing Flow based Cardinality Estimator 2022 VLDB 7.3040801e-05
3,755 Auto-WLM: Machine Learning Enhanced Workload Management in Amazon Redshift 2023 SIGMOD 7.2037909e-05
3,911 MB2: Decomposed Behavior Modeling for Self-Driving Database Management Systems 2021 SIGMOD 7.0870659e-05
3,963 Towards Dynamic and Safe Configuration Tuning for Cloud Databases 2022 SIGMOD 7.0613767e-05
4,291 Stable Learned Bloom Filters for Data Streams 2020 VLDB 6.849278e-05
4,417 One Model to Rule them All: Towards Zero-Shot Learning for Databases 2022 CIDR 6.7766173e-05
4,445 Lightweight and Accurate Cardinality Estimation by Neural Network Gaussian Process 2022 SIGMOD 6.7542989e-05
4,555 ALECE: An Attention-based Learned Cardinality Estimator for SPJ Queries on Dynamic Workloads 2024 VLDB 6.6989559e-05
4,581 Kepler: Robust Learning for Faster Parametric Query Optimization 2023 SIGMOD 6.6913226e-05
4,717 Warper: Efficiently Adapting Learned Cardinality Estimators to Data and Workload Drifts 2022 SIGMOD 6.6108379e-05
4,745 Learned Cardinality Estimation for Similarity Queries 2021 SIGMOD 6.5993019e-05
5,144 Spitz: A Verifiable Database System 2020 VLDB 6.4132576e-05
5,283 Machine Learning for Databases 2021 VLDB 6.3568612e-05
5,366 Fine-Grained Modeling and Optimization for Intelligent Resource Management in Big Data Processing 2022 VLDB 6.3169865e-05
5,401 Steering Query Optimizers: A Practical Take on Big Data Workloads 2021 SIGMOD 6.30051e-05
5,600 SAM: Database Generation from Query Workloads with Supervised Autoregressive Models 2022 SIGMOD 6.2199759e-05
5,640 Sample-Efficient Cardinality Estimation Using Geometric Deep Learning 2024 VLDB 6.2029974e-05
5,717 Pre-training Summarization Models of Structured Datasets for Cardinality Estimation 2022 VLDB 6.1775295e-05
5,938 Towards instance-optimized data systems 2021 VLDB 6.097047e-05
5,965 Expand your Training Limits! Generating Training Data for ML-based Data Management 2021 SIGMOD 6.0876627e-05
6,225 Combining Aggregation and Sampling (Nearly) Optimally for Approximate Query Processing 2021 SIGMOD 6.0105297e-05
6,282 How Good are Learned Cost Models, Really? Insights from Query Optimization Tasks 2025 SIGMOD 5.9906069e-05
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Outgoing Citations (Sorted by Pagerank)

Showing 21 of 21 cited papers.

Citations counted here include only citations to other VLDB/SIGMOD/CIDR/PODS papers in this database.

Rank Cited Paper Year Venue Pagerank
1 Access Path Selection in a Relational Database Management System 1979 SIGMOD 0.0024179717
20 How Good Are Query Optimizers, Really? 2016 VLDB 0.00058294381
35 Improved Histograms for Selectivity Estimation of Range Predicates 1996 SIGMOD 0.00048862242
56 On Random Sampling over Joins 1999 SIGMOD 0.00040582148
86 Learned Cardinalities: Estimating Correlated Joins with Deep Learning 2019 CIDR 0.0003577267
99 LEO - DB2's LEarning Optimizer 2001 VLDB 0.00034651834
100 Selectivity Estimation Without the Attribute Value Independence Assumption 1997 VLDB 0.00034549997
157 Neo: A Learned Query Optimizer 2019 VLDB 0.00028782395
221 Adaptive Selectivity Estimation Using Query Feedback 1994 SIGMOD 0.00024405057
274 Selectivity Estimation using Probabilistic Models 2001 SIGMOD 0.00022678252
360 STHoles: A Multidimensional Workload-Aware Histogram 2001 SIGMOD 0.00020269545
685 Independence is Good: Dependency-Based Histogram Synopses for High-Dimensional Data 2001 SIGMOD 0.00015100765
702 Cardinality Estimation Done Right: Index-Based Join Sampling 2017 CIDR 0.00014941084
715 Selectivity Estimation for Range Predicates using Lightweight Models 2019 VLDB 0.0001480646
1,079 Maximizing the Output Rate of Multi-Way Join Queries over Streaming Information Sources 2003 VLDB 0.00012396873
1,081 Lightweight Graphical Models for Selectivity Estimation Without Independence Assumptions 2011 VLDB 0.00012387181
1,187 QuickSel: Quick Selectivity Learning with Mixture Models 2020 SIGMOD 0.00011849604
1,468 Towards a Learning Optimizer for Shared Clouds 2019 VLDB 0.00010750589
1,489 Self-Tuning, GPU-Accelerated Kernel Density Models for Multidimensional Selectivity Estimation 2015 SIGMOD 0.00010670879
2,185 Estimating Join Selectivities using Bandwidth-Optimized Kernel Density Models 2017 VLDB 9.0583954e-05
7,316 Synopses for Query Optimization: A Space-Complexity Perspective 2004 PODS 5.7031841e-05
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86 Learned Cardinalities: Estimating Correlated Joins with Deep Learning 2019 CIDR 0.0003577267
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